Does Competition Bring Out The Best In Us? :: essays research papers

COMPETITION BRINGS OUT THE BEST IN US The score was 14-15. My team was losing the sectional championship game by just one point. Now we had to give our all to win, or we would be regretting the loss for years to come. In order to win, we had to get along with everyone on, and off, the volleyball court. We had to believe in ourselves, but most of all, we had to use all of the competitive skills that we had learned throughout our lives from parents, coaches, and our own experiences. Each second, the game became more and more intense. After playing our hearts out for two rotations, the score was now in our favor. We were winning 16-15. As soon as we were in control of the game, we competed at a collegiate level that no one would have thought was possible. Our skills were equal to the skills of a college player. The hitters could jump so high that their entire arm was swinging above the net. The blockers all had at least half of their arm making a wall over the net. The defensive players all dug up balls that looked like comets beaming onto the court. We were just twelve girls on a high school team, but the skill and talent we were showing to win against our rival could have been even better than a professional team. We ended up being the team that was celebrating victory in the locker room. We all had our chance to yell, cheer, and jump up and down after we shook our opponents hands. We finally had the opportunity to celebrate an amazing victory. We were even int erviewed by reporters and photographed by staff of the Hearld Argus, our city’s paper. Competition brought out the best in each one of us that night and that season. The skills we learned and showed on the court will never be forgotten. We learned to get along as a team, believe in ourselves, and to never give up on a goal. In order to succeed, people must compete. Competition can bring out the best in everyone. During a single day, people in some way compete with themselves or with others. They compete to win a sporting event, to get a raise or promotion in their workplace, to receive the best grades on tests or homework assignments, and to be the best at everything they do.

Ipv4 to Ipv6 Transition

I P v 4 TO IP v 6 TRANSITION – UPDATE 2011 An overview of the new Internet a ddressing protocol, its implications for b usiness and government, and Telstra’s a pproach to the transition. WHITE PAPER September 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PAGE 3 WHAT IS IPv6? PAGE 4 IPv4 ADDRESS RUN OUT PAGE 5 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN IPv4 ADDRESSES RUN OUT? PAGE 6 GOVERNMENT MANDATES PAGE 8 INDUSTRY READINESS FOR IPv6 PAGE 10 WHAT DOES THE TRANSITION MEAN FOR BUSINESS? PAGE 13 WHAT IS TELSTRA’S APPROACH TO THE TRANSITION? PAGE 14 WHAT SHOULD BUSINESSES DO NOW?PAGE 16 CONCLUSION PAGE 18 APPENDIX – IP ADDRESSING PAGE 19 REFERENCES PAGE 21 WHY TELSTRA? PAGE 22 FIGURES & TABLES FIGURE 1 IPv6 ECOSYSTEM PAGE 6 FIGURE 2 DUAL-STACK SUPPORTS BOTH PROTOCOLS IN PARALLEL WITHIN ONE NETWORK PAGE 7 FIGURE 3 EXAMPLE OF A DUAL-STACK ACCESS TO THE INTERNET PAGE 14 TABLE 1 IP ADDRESS HEADER FORMATS PAGE 19 TABLE 2 INDIVIDUAL ADDRESSES AND NOTATION PAGE 20 TABLE 3 UNIQUE LOCAL ADDRESS R ANGE PAGE 20 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY IPv4 is the dominant addressing protocol used on the Internet and most private networks today.With the current exponential growth in Internet users worldwide, combined with the limited address range of IPv4, the number of available public IPv4 addresses remaining is very limited. IPv6 is the next-generation Internet protocol that will replace IPv4, providing a vastly expanded address space. This white paper provides an update on the current industry status of IPv6, how the IPv4 to IPv6 transition will affect some organisations, and Telstra’s perspective on the transition. Internet Transition IPv4, the dominant addressing protocol, is rapidly running out of capacity and will be replaced by IPv6The protocol that governs communication on the Internet (and most intranets) today is called Internet Protocol version 4, or IPv4. The popularity of the Internet has caused a shortage of public IPv4 addresses and they are quickly running out, with the glo bal registry of IPv4 addresses from the IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) exhausted in February 2011 and the Asia-Pacific regional registry in April 2011I. Other Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) are expected to be exhausted between 2012 and 2014II. Once this happens, no more IPv4 addresses will be allocated to Internet service providers (ISPs).Individual ISP run-out will depend upon how well each ISP manages its address pools compared to the rate of each ISP’s subscriber growth. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is a popular issue and one which the industry will spend more time managing in the coming years. The transition is complex and will require IPv6 support by an end-to-end industry ecosystem. The ecosystem includes customer premise equipment, modems/home gateways, network systems, management (OSS/BSS, tools), content and applications. Telstra’s Approach Telstra’s approach is based on the dual-stack solution, allowing both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to co-existTelstra will ensure that customers can migrate to IPv6 at their own pace, with minimal impact to services Telstra has been planning for the IPv6 transition for a number of years. We have a defined transition strategy and a well-advanced IPv6 implementation program. Our strategy for IPv6 introduction is based on the dual-stack solution, allowing both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to co-exist until the transition to IPv6 is complete. This approach will make sure that the transition occurs with minimal impact to customers. Customers will not be forced to move to IPv6 overnight – they can deploy and migrate to IPv6 as they become ready.Telstra is already testing dual-stack technology on a number of key networks and products to seamlessly introduce IPv6. Similar to service providers, businesses face a challenge in undertaking the complex transition of their IPv4 internal ecosystems without impacting services. Just as Telstra has done, it is advised that every online or IT-ba sed business should prepare an IPv4 to IPv6 transition strategy. Telstra will provide timely information and updates on our own program of work to assist customers, suppliers and others in the industry to manage their transition. 3 WHAT IS IP v 6?IPv6 was designed during the mid-1990s, when the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) realised that IPv4 address size constraints would soon be a major impediment to the continued growth of the Internet. IPv6 was first known as the Next Generation Internet Protocol (IPng) during development within the IETF. Since 1998, it has officially been known as IPv6. In the transition to IPv6, both IPv6 and IPv4 will co-exist until IPv6 eventually replaces IPv4. The most obvious difference between IPv6 and IPv4 is the vastly expanded IP address space available The most obvious difference between IPv6 and IPv4 is the address size.IPv6 addresses comprise 128 bits, whereas IPv4 addresses comprise 32 bits. This difference results in a huge expansion in available IP address space: ? I Pv4: 2 32 a ddresses equals 4. 3 billion addresses (less than the global human p opulation of 4. 7 billion) ? I Pv6: 2 128 a ddresses. Because the last 64 bits are used to allocate a ddresses within a subnet, that leaves 2 64, which equals 18 billion billion s ubnet addresses. IPv6 is not backwardly compatible with IPv4 Whilst IPv6 performs the same address function as IPv4, IPv6 is not backwardly compatible with IPv4. Therefore, an IP data session must use either IPv4 or IPv6 end-to-end.IPv6 and IPv4 can be used together with translation mechanisms such as Application Layer Gateways when the applications are known and supported end-to end. 4 IP v 4 ADDRESS RUN OUT The global top-level registration body, IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), exhausted its supply of available IPv4 addresses in February 2011. APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Centre) is the Regional Internet Registry which allocates IP addresses in the Asia-Pacific region. U nfortunately for Australia, APNIC effectively ran out of addresses in April 2011. The Asia-Pacific is also the highest growth region for IP address llocation. Telstra and any other ISP in the Asia-Pacific region are now only eligible for a total allocation of 1024 further addresses from APNIC. There will be no further large allocations of IPv4 addresses for Asia-Pacific ISPs Because no further large allocations of IPv4 addresses are available, the ability of Asia-Pacific ISPs to allocate IPv4 addresses for new customers depends on the number of addresses they already hold, the rate at which they are using them for new services, and the ISP’s capability to adopt address translation technologies, which may reduce their rate of address demand.These factors will be different for each ISP, so it is likely that ISPs across the industry will run out of IPv4 addresses across a wide timeframe – some may run out within only a couple of years, others may be able to delay that exh austion well into the future. 5 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN IP v 4 ADDRESSES RUN OUT? Internal enterprise networks using private IPv4 addresses will not be affected IPv4 and IPv6 will co-exist on the Internet for many years Firstly, internal enterprise networks using private IPv4 addresses will not be impacted.Nor will the run-out impact existing IPv4 networks and IPv4 based services already allocated IPv4 addresses — they will continue to operate normally. Secondly, IPv4 and IPv6 will co-exist in the Internet for many years, quite likely for decades. Unlike Y2K, there is no cut-off date when IPv4 use will cease and the world will fully migrate to IPv6. The plan is for gradual transition: different regions and industry players will move to IPv6 at different rates. Consequently, end users will need the capability to access both IPv4 and IPv6 content and services on the Internet. This dual apability may be inherent in the end users’ equipment, or may be provided transparently by t heir or the content publishers’ ISPs. To enable this dual protocol access during the transition period, technology solutions were developed in conjunction with the development of the IPv6 protocol in the mid-1990s. Three categories of transition technologies exist: ? Tunnelling – encapsulates one protocol within another (e. g. IPv6 in IPv4, IPv4 in IPv6) ? Protocol Translation – translates packets between protocols (e. g. IPv6 to IPv4) ? Dual-stack – support both protocols in parallel within one network. Telstra’s dual-stack path nables both protocols to co-exist on our networks Telstra has chosen the dual-stack path, enabling both protocols on its networks. The use of dual stack will ensure our customers have the current functionality of IPv4 always available to them even while they start deploying IPv6 in their systems. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is a known issue which the industry will have to manage over the coming years. The transition w ill take time as it will require IPv6 support by an industry end-to-end eco-system including CPE, modems/home gateways, networks, systems (OSS/BSS, tools), content and applications.Figure 1: IPv6 Ecosystem Systems & tools Carrier/ ISP Client apps Consumer electronics Modems Operating systems Mobile handsets Public IPv6 Content/Apps Global Internet Network vendors Content/Apps Systems & tools Servers IPv6 is the accepted solution, however, moving the entire ecosystem to IPv6 will take many years Source: Telstra 6 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN IP v 4 ADDRESSES RUN OUT? Telstra continually monitors industry developments with regard to the other transition technologies and we may choose to apply other methods where appropriate. Co-existence of IPv4 and IPv6Dual-stack (IPv6/IPv4) remains the accepted industry direction for the introduction of IPv6. Tunnelling has sometimes been used by early IPv6 adopters where native IPv6 has not been available end-to-end. IPv4 to IPv6 protocol translation mechanis ms may also be applied in the future in certain circumstances. Figure 2: Dual-stack supports both protocols in parallel within one network Applications TCP/UDP IPv6 IPv4 Physical Layer Dual Stack Backbone Applications TCP/UDP IPv6 IPv4 Physical Layer 7 GOVERNMENT MANDATES Some Governments have set mandates to ensure a well-managed transition rom IPv4 to IPv6 before IPv4 addresses run out The importance of continued Internet growth has been recognised by many governments due to its critical role for areas such as e-commerce, healthcare services and public information dissemination. This has led some governments to set IPv6 technology mandates to ensure a well-managed transition from IPv4 to IPv6 prior to the run-out of IPv4 addresses. The smooth and ordered adoption of these technologies will ensure continued Internet connectivity for all of their citizens. Initially targeted at enterprises, institutions and government elated Internet services, IPv6 mandates are now being issued for consumer broadband services The technology mandates have been primarily targeted at enterprises, institutions and departments that provide governments with their Internet connectivity services. Only recently IPv6 mandates for consumer broadband services have been issued. North America In August 2005, the US OMB (Office of Management and Budgets) issued Memorandum M 05 22: Transition Planning for Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6). This sets the US Federal Agencies a hard deadline for compliance to IPv6 on their core IP networks.This mandate led many major US Service Providers (e. g. AT&T, Sprint, Verizon, QWest, NTT America) to develop government and enterprise solutions to allow agencies to buy IPv6 products and services to meet their core connectivity requirements. In practice, all of the agencies met the mandate because they were able to demonstrate that their backbone networks were capable of carrying IPv6 packets by the agreed deadline. However, there was no need to actually im plement IPv6-based services. A draft roadmap for IPv6 adoption by the US Government has recently been prepared. EuropeThe European Commission communicated an IPv6 action plan in May 2008. The target was to have 25% of European customers accessing the Internet using IPv6 by 2010, which challenges all players (ISPs, content providers, customer premise equipment vendors, governments and organisations) to work towards this target. Asia Many Asian countries, including China, Japan and Korea have been early adopters of IPv6 due to government mandates. For example: ? C hinese Government Strategy: C hina Next Generation Internet (CNGI) sets o ut a five year plan (2006-2010) for the adoption of IPv6 Korean Government Strategy: T he Korean Government has the strategic IPv6 Promotion Plan II, which sets a vision of deploying IPv6 for the public sector. 8 GOVERNMENT MANDATES Australia The AGIMO (Australian Government Information Management Office) has set the following timeframes for IPv6 adopt ion within the Australian Government and its departments: ? Preparation Jan 2008 – December 2009 ? Transition Jan 2010 – December 2011 ? Implementation Jan 2012 – December 2012. The Australian Department of Defence has also mandated a move to IPv6. 9INDUSTRY READINESS FOR IP v 6 Industry has been slow to adopt IPv6 since few commercial drivers exist Across the globe, the industry has been slow to adopt IPv6, since very few commercial drivers for migration have existed at present. By its very nature, the Internet involves a huge number of disparate groups and thus a coordinated approach is difficult to achieve. The lack of a commercial imperative is due to a ‘chicken and egg’ situation: why support IPv6 in the equipment if there are no IPv6 services, and why create an IPv6 service if nobody can use it?This situation is now changing with the occurrence of the global IPv4 exhaustion. Nevertheless, while many parts of the industry are now supporting IPv 6, others are lagging behind. The following is a brief analysis of the readiness of key industry sectors: Network Equipment Generally, network equipment vendors already provide IPv6 dual-stack support In the main, network equipment vendors already provide IPv6 support (dual-stack) for the core and edge of networks. Key vendors have been hardware and softwareready for several years, with equipment deployed in small-scale trials.Even though IPv6 capability has existed in most network routing equipment for some time, it has often not been enabled for use. Network control path functions like DNS, DHCP and RADIUS, however, are not yet uniformly supported for IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack across all vendors. These remain among the ‘work in progress’ issues for the industry. Internet Infrastructure Global IPv6 interconnectivity is now growing rapidly Global IPv6 Backbones As IPv4 and IPv6 do not interwork, it is essential there is global IPv6 interconnectivity similar to the IPv4 Inter net today. The global network of IPv6 interconnectivity is now growing rapidly.We expect there will be a substantial interconnected Australian IPv6 backbone between many, if not most, ISPs by the end of 2011. Domain Name Servers IPv6 devices will resolve Internet domain names into IP addresses using IPv6 entirely A critical step along the path to IPv6 was implemented on 4 February 2008, when ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) assigned IPv6 addresses and provided IPv6 connectivity to six of the Internet’s root domain name servers (DNS). Similar enhancements are being made to other top-level DNS (e. g. for . com and . org). The APNIC servers for the . u domain also have IPv6 connectivity. These enhancements to DNS will allow IPv6 devices to resolve Internet domain names into IP addresses entirely using IPv6. Service Providers To connect to the global IPv6 Internet, customers will need to use a service provider that supports IPv6 and provides the require d connectivity through to the global IPv6 backbones. 10 INDUSTRY READINESS FOR IP v 6 Enterprise Virtual Private Networks (VPN) Service providers in the US have begun offering dual-stack VPN services largely to support federal agencies in response to US Government mandates.Telstra’s dualstack IPv6 VPN product capabilities are in an advanced stage of development. Broadband There are still few consumer broadband IPv6 offerings from ISPs, but it is expected there will be an increasing number in the Australian market during 2011-12. Customer Environment In general, few modem gateways and other consumer on-premise equipment currently support IPv6 Consumer Modems and IP Devices In general, very few modem gateways and other CPE appliances in use by consumers currently support IPv6. The main exception includes some high-end PDA mobile phones running Windows Mobile, and some CPE made for specific markets such as Japan.In the vast majority of cases, these IPv4-only devices will not be economically upgradeable to support IPv6. This is because the device is not upgradeable in any way, or because additional resources (e. g. flash memory or RAM) are required to support IPv6. IPv6 capability from many consumer gateway vendors is only starting to be released during 2011. The long lifespan of broadband modem gateways means that many consumers will not have IPv6 connectivity capability for several years unless they opt to replace their modem with a dual-stack capable gateway. Mobile HandsetsDual-stack IPv4/IPV6 capability is expected to become available on selected new mobile handsets during 2011/12. Carriers will need to support IPv6 in their networks for handset use of IPv6 to be possible. Operating Systems Most, if not all, mainstream consumer and business operating systems available now have IPv6/IPv4 dual stack capability. However, legacy systems with either no or limited IPv6 capability (such as Windows XP) are expected to be in widespread use for several years yet . 11 INDUSTRY READINESS FOR IP v 6 Applications and Content ApplicationsMany applications will work when used with IPv6. Others will need to be checked and modified Applications have to be specifically written to take advantage of IPv4/IPv6 dual stack capabilities in the underlying operating system. In many cases, applications will work correctly when used over an IPv6 network. Others will need to be checked and modified to meet the dual-stack requirements and take advantage of IPv4/IPv6 dualstack capabilities built in to most recent underlying operating systems. Applications can be divided into the following major categories: ?S erver applications: Servers typically include web servers, database s ervers and mail servers, but can also include others such as those used for multiplayer online gaming. The applications running on these servers respond to requests from client applications which are carried across I P networks ? C lient applications: End users run client applications whi ch initiate requests to server applications across IP networks (the web browser being the most common example) ? Peer-to-peer applications: In this case the end user application acts as both a c lient and a server and can communicate directly with other users across I P networks.Most applications interface at the IP socket layer and won’t be affected whether the transport is IPv4 or IPv6. However, some applications may have been originally written in a way that ties them to IPv4, and these will have to be modified. Some examples include: ? Use of hard coded IPv4 addresses ? IP address data structures that only cater for IPv4 size addresses ? U ser interfaces that display an IP address, or allow an IP address to be e ntered only in IPv4 format. Many applications, including web browsers, already support dual-stack function. Others are subject to the planned timing of upgrades by the application developer.Ideally, applications should be agnostic to the use of IPv4 or IPv6. An ap plication that supports dual-stack will usually give preference to IPv6 if it is available, otherwise it will fall back to using IPv4. Content Providers Most major Internet content providers have yet to move to a dual-stack architecture Most major Internet content providers are yet to make the move to a dual-stack architecture. Some have established specific IPv6-only versions of their site to enable IPv6 access to users who have IPv6 connectivity, and who deliberately choose to use IPv6 (e. . ipv6. google. com and www. v6. facebook. com). Many Internet content providers are beginning to plan for a dual-stack architecture. This was exhibited when many content providers participated in World IPv6 Day (held on 8 June 2011) to trial IPv6 at a global level. 12 W HAT DOES THE TRANSITION MEAN FOR BUSINESS? Multinational enterprises and those that deal with government departments are most likely to be impacted by government mandates. This will drive the need to support IPv6 (e. g. Australi an Government departments implementing IPv6 in 2012).The IPv4 public address run-out will mostly affect businesses in their external connections Public IPv4 address shortages will have minimal impact on Enterprise VPNs due to the prevailing use of private IPv4 addressing. The IPv4 public address run-out will mostly affect businesses in their external connections to consumers and the broader Internet. Each business needs to consider whether to deliver IPv6 based services to consumers who prefer to use IPv6. Businesses must ensure an IPv6 communication path from the enterprise edge to where IPv6 supported applications are hostedConsumers will move to dual-stack CPE configured with an IPv6 address as well as an IPv4 address (either public or private) in order to access both IPv4 and IPv6 content. Businesses that host applications accessible via the Internet will need to cater for consumers with IPv4 or IPv6 public addresses. Since each protocol needs to work endto-end, for businesses t he transition does not end with deployment of dual-stack devices at the enterprise edge. It also requires enterprise network design changes to make the communication path IPv6-capable from the enterprise edge to where IPv6 supported applications are hosted.Businesses face a similar challenge to service providers, such as Telstra, in making the IP addressing transition. Transitioning to IPv6 requires the full ecosystem to move (i. e. network equipment, modems, consumer devices, operating systems, applications, content servers, IT systems, etc). Therefore, the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 will be a large and complex task that will require significant coordination across the full spectrum of players involved in end-to-end IP services. 13 WHAT IS TELSTRA’S APPROACH TO THE TRANSITION? Telstra has been planning for this transition for a number of years.We have a defined transition strategy and a well-advanced IPv6 implementation program. Telstra has prepared for the transition thro ugh a clear strategy and implementation program Our strategy for IPv6 introduction is based on the dual-stack approach, allowing both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to co-exist until the transition to IPv6 is complete. This approach will make sure that the transition occurs with minimal impact on customers – they are not forced to move to IPv6 overnight and can deploy and migrate to IPv6 as they become ready.Telstra is already testing a number of key networks and products to seamlessly introduce IPv6 across our services. Timing for implementation in each product will depend on business drivers and equipment availability (e. g. CPE). It covers services across Telstra Internet Direct (TID), Enterprise networks, Consumer Broadband, Mobiles and Telstra’s global networks. Figure 3: Example of a dual-stack access to the Internet Customer Service Provider LNS DNS Apps, Content & Systems Global Internet Content Providers IPv4 content/apps ADSL Modem Cable CMTS Modem ServiceProvider P oP Domestic Backbone Global Internet Backbones Dual-stack content/apps Wireless IPv6 content/ apps LNS Large installed base of IPv4-only CPE Dual-Stack Outside Service Provider Control Largely installed base of IPv4-only content/apps Outside Service Provider Control Dual-Stack enables a smooth transition, supporting both IPv6 and IPv4 Source: Telstra TID and IP-VPN Services The benefits of dual-stack technology for TID and IP-VPN customers are as follows: ? Continued service availability even as IPv4 addresses run out ? Smooth transition to IPv6 at own pace N ative IPv6 connectivity which provides better performance than IPv6 t unnels ? Essentially unlimited Internet addressing ? Leverages the Telstra Next IP ® network. 14 WHAT IS TELSTRA’S APPROACH TO THE TRANSITION? BigPond Broadband Most consumer broadband customers will be more interested in the content and applications they use, rather than which IP addressing protocol is being used. Nevertheless: ? For many, the trans ition to IPv6 will occur smoothly and transparently as e ach of the components of the end-to-end service moves to dual-stack ( e. g. odems, PCs, content) ? T he industry is expecting that Internet content and applications will be d ual-stack or IPv4-only for a long time to come ? I t is unlikely that any significant content on the Internet will be available t hrough IPv6-only for many years yet. Mobiles including Telstra Mobile Broadband ? I nitial availability of IPv6-capable mobile devices is not expected u ntil 2011/12 ? I n the future there may be developments in self-contained mobile solutions, w hich will also drive IPv6 use (e. g. Telemetry and machine-to-machine s olutions).Applications and Content Telstra applications and content will transition to be offered over IPv6 (to achieve end-to-end IPv6) as well as IPv4. Telstra’s Global Networks Telstra’s global networks operated by Telstra International Group adopted the same business approach as Telstra’s g uideline for the IPv4 to IPv6 transition. Key features include: ? D ual-stack approach to seamlessly support the co-existence of IPv4 and I Pv6 IP routing on global IP networks, including the MPLS-VPN platform and G lobal Internet / IP Transit platform N o hard cut-over for customers and continuing support for customer IPv4 a ddress-based IP routing on Telstra global networks in the coming years ? C ontinue IPv4 and IPv6 support for IP network’s auxiliary services such as D NS services on global Internet platform, looking glass on online port etc ? F rom FY 2011/12, Telstra International Group will start leasing IPv6 addresses to customers needing to connect to Telstra’s global IP networks, with limited I Pv4 Address also available ? Native IPv6 Address IP routing on core network is on the road map ?Telstra is committed to work with global network partners for native I Pv6 traffic peering and/or interconnection for both private and public I P networks. 15 WHAT SHOULD B USINESSES DO NOW? Businesses can begin to prepare for their own IP addressing transition through the following steps: 1. Conduct an IPv6 readiness assessment ? Network hardware ? Servers, PCs (e. g. operating systems) ? Network management and security ? Applications ? IT systems ? Organisational capability (IPv6 skills) ? Understand coexistence implications (performance, resources). 2. Prepare an IP addressing strategy Develop a high-level view of transition approach for the business. 3. Develop an end-to-end program view ? Network, IT, devices, applications, etc ? Processes to minimise impacts ? Communication of the IPv6 strategy within the business ? Maintain network security through the transition to IPv6 ? Work with vendors, system integrators and service providers to define d etail and align timings (e. g. link hardware upgrades to lifecycle p rocesses to minimise costs) ? Analyse transition costs and develop a transition budget. 4. Formulate an Implementation Plan ? Identify d ependencies and major milestones Use phased approach based on priorities and timings. 5. Progress Implementation ? Work in close coordination and consultation with network provider ? Telstra commits to providing timely information and updates on its program o f work to assist customers, suppliers and others in the industry to manage t heir transition. 16 WHAT SHOULD BUSINESSES DO NOW? Leverage our Experience and Best Practice Telstra can assist and support customers in their transition to IPv6 through our Professional Services and Consulting Services. The services we provide include: ? Consulting: Planning consultation, including business level investigation and analysis – Conduct a Communications Strategy plan update – Readiness assessments and check lists – Total ecosystem roadmap development (Not necessarily Telstra specific) – Vendor management and CPE – VoIP / other providers / web sites, etc ? Design and Architecture: – Network design – CPE programming remote or onsite (future) ? Project Management: – Transition planning – Seamless transition – Staged transition planning process, achieved via: – Workshops – Customised design – Implementation planning Telstra can provide overall project management to guide a customer t hrough the transition process. 17 CONCLUSION The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is a known issue which the industry will have to manage over the coming years. The transition will take time as it will require IPv6 to be supported by an end-to-end industry ecosystem including CPE, modems/home gateways, networks, systems (OSS/BSS, tools), content and applications. Telstra has been planning for this transition for a number of years. We have a defined transition strategy and a well-advanced IPv6 implementation program.Our strategy for IPv6 introduction is based on the dual-stack approach, allowing both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to co-exist until the transition to IPv6 is complete. This approach will make sure that the transition occurs with minimal impact on customers – customers are not forced to move to IPv6 overnight and can deploy and migrate to IPv6 as they become ready. Telstra is already testing a number of key networks and products to seamlessly introduce IPv6. Businesses face a similar challenge to service providers in undertaking a complex transition of their IP ecosystem without impacting services.It is advisable that businesses start preparing their IPv4 to IPv6 transition strategies. Telstra will provide timely information and updates on our program of work to assist customers, suppliers and others in the industry to manage their transition. 18 APPENDIX 1 – IP ADDRESSING IP Address Header Formats Table1 0 16 Ver HL TOS Total Length Identification TTL 32 Flag Protocol Fragmet Offset Header Checksum Source Address Destination Address Options Padding IPv4 Header 0 16 Ver 32 Traf. Class Flow Label Payload Length Nx t Hdr Hop Limit Source Address Destination AddressIPv6 Header Address Ranges Both IPv6 and IPv4 address ranges are often referred to in CIDR (Classless InterDomain Routing) notation, indicating how many of the bits in the range are used to identify the network prefix while the remaining bits identify subnets and hosts. For example, in 62. 0. 0. 0/8 or (62/8), the ‘/8’ indicates that the first 8 bits in the range are used for the common prefix and the remaining 24 bits are used for the host address within that network. 19 APPENDIX 1 – IP ADDRESSING Individual Addresses and Notation Table2 Address FamilyWritten as Example IPv4 Dotted Decimal Notation 144. 135. 19. 10 (four decimal ranges written to represent each byte of address space) IPv6 Hexadecimal notation (eight hexadecimal ranges written to represent two bytes, separated by colons) IPv6 (short-hand) Hexadecimal notation 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000: 8a2e:0370:7334 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334 (eight hexadecima l ranges with zeros removed) Private Addressing In IPv4, four specific address ranges were allocated for use in private networks (e. g. within an enterprise or home). The ranges are: ? 10. 0. 0. /8 — quite often used by large enterprise networks or internally by ISPs ? 172. 16. 0. 0/12 — often used to number enterprise or ISP backbone networks ? 192. 168. 0. 0/16 — often used in small office/home office (SOHO) applications ? 169. 254. 0. 0/24 — used for link-local applications. These private addresses have no meaning on the public Internet. If external connectivity is required by nodes addressed privately, Network Address Translation (NAT) is used to translate the first three of these address ranges into public addresses when accessing the broader Internet.IPv6 also has a range of addresses identified for local use known as the Unique Local Address range FC00::/7 (defined by RFC4193). In IPv4, when an interface is assigned a link-local address, we assume that the device is only connected to a local network. However, the practice of assigning multiple identifiers to interfaces is expected in IPv6 and therefore, all interfaces maintain a link-local address and additional IPv6 addresses. Table 3: Unique Local Address Range 0 78 FC00::/7 1 48 Global ID 64 Site Subnets Interface Identifier With regard to NAT, industry IPv6 addressing practices are still developing.Although there is a hope that significant use of IPv6 to IPv6 network address translation will be avoided, it is not yet clear as to whether enterprises will use public IPv6 space (derived from a registry), provider IPv6 space (granted from an ISP), or a local addressing scheme together with IPv6 NAT. 20 REFERENCES I The remaining allocations by the Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre are now rationed to a maximum of 1024 addresses per member under their latest policies – see â€Å"Policies for IPv4 address space management in the Asia Pacific region†, http:// www. apnic. et/policy/add-manage-policy. II â€Å"IPv4 Address Report† http://ipv4. potaroo. net has the latest exhaustion estimates of the other regional registries 1 Global IPv6 Strategies – From Business Analysis to Operational Planning by Patrick Grossetete, Ciprian Popoviclu, Fred Wettling, Cisco Press, June 2008 2 Deploying IPv6 Networks by Ciprian Popoviclu, Patrick Grossetete, Eric LeviAbegnoli, Cisco Press, February 2006 21 Why Telstra? Telstra provides network services and solutions to more than 200 of the world’s top 500 companies. They rely on us to do business across 240 countries nd territories and to enable greater productivity, efficiency and growth. Telstra solutions offer the best of all worlds – skilled people and a rich portfolio of services delivered on our world-class Telstra Next IP ® network and Next G ® network. To ensure reliable performance, they’re monitored and maintained from our dedicated centres using advanced ma nagement and operational systems. And they’re backed by Telstra Enterprise-grade Customer Service ® and one of Australia’s largest and most qualified field and technical workforce. IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS P LEASE CONTACT YOURT ELSTRA ACCOUNT EXECUTIVE V ISIT T ELSTRA. COM/ENTERPRISE/IPV6 C ALL 1 300 TELSTRA  © 2011 Telstra Corporation Limited. All rights reserved. This work is copyright. The Copyright Act 1968 permits fair dealing for study, research, news reporting, criticism or review. Selected passages, tables or diagrams may be reproduced for such purposes provided acknowledgement of the source is included. Permission for more extensive reproduction must be obtained from Telstra. â„ ¢ Trade mark of Telstra Corporation Limited.  ® Registered trademark of Telstra Corporation Limited ABN 33 051 775 556.

How to Write a Ccot Essay

WHAT IS THE CCOT ESSAY -the CCOT deals specifically with analysis of continuities and changes over time covering at least one of the perisds in the coarse outline -for examples it might address technology ,trade, culture, migrations, or environment -the CCOT questions requires analysis of process and explanation of the cause with specific examples THE PURPOSE -the evaluate your availing to analyze historical changes and continuities that. Have shaped events social political economical developments in history and ability to gauge your analysis of global processesWHAT YOU NEED TO DO -CHANGE -recognize it as it occurs in history -identify and understand the causes of change -CONTINUITY -recognize factors which remain the same throughout and entire period -identify and understand factors which allow this to continue THE CHANGE -must discuss (use concrete details) and analyze changes that occurred relevant to the question -if the questions discusses specific terms such as social and polit ical ,you need to focus on political and social changes -if the questions is more vague, you need to think of aspects to base your analysis on.THE CONTINUITY -the questions also ask you to adress continuities general these are patterns or cultural tendencies that remain stagnant for years and years – for example think of the role of women,reliegons,philosophies,or conflict between social classes -it very important to remember that you need to have concrete details to back up your continuity STARTING AND ENDING POINTS -I order to get complete credit for the CCOT you need to address the starting point -I order to analyze changes you must discuss what it was like before -however pay attention to time period given the question you essay may require -starting point transistor and ending condition or -starting point and ending condition -meaning the outline/pure write is essential GOOD AND BAD CHANGES -you must identify the change and make it clear why that change occurred -bad Pri or to 1948 the Jewish people had no homeland on 1948 Isreal was established – Good -in the early 20th century , few people saw a need for establishing of an independent Jewish state.However, once the world realized the massive gene code of Jews that took place during World War Two , support for the establishment of Isreal began to grow FUNDAMENTALS OF THE CCOT -thesis should define areas of change and areas of continuity -establishment time period boundaries and address entire period -this can be done in 2 sentences -address both continuity and change – everyone forget s to do continuity -analyze the cause of changes – use the word because a lot -discuss global context Connect to world processes and change HELPFUL HINTS draw a timeline to help connect the era and events you will talk about -identify what the situation was at the beginning of the ra also known as a baseline – cite a fact about this -identify the situation was at the end of The era -cite a fact about this -try to explain the process of change -why did this happen? COMMON TRIGGERS FOR CHAMGE -consider that change happens enevenly in places and overtime -often speeding up to the change -are their steps to the change -intermediate points between the beginning and end period are importantHISTORICAL CONTEXTS -remember that changes and continuities in a particular region do not happen on a vacuum -use varying scope -global trend vs regional vs local -don't be afraid to note exceptions to a trend HOW TO ANSWER THW CCOT ESSAY APPROACH #1-DIRECT -basis body paragraph around the changes and continuities you identify 1 topic sentence 2 baseline 3 causes of change or context 4 evidence – early middle late 5 summary of change – status attend of period & significance HOW TO ANSWER THE CCOT ESSAY APPROACH # 2-NARRATIVE describe the foo of history from begging to end with embedded changes continuities -bases body paragraph around sub periods -topic sentience -context -c haracteristics deve to and processes that change/stay the same -causes of changes seen in period and significance How did geography effect the development mod early civilizations -location -climate -physical landscape -how do they irrigate crops? -what Crops do they grow – how do they trade, over land,river,seas? -how do they interact with the environment? -many more questions your can ask†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..

Betlehem Day Care Center Case Study

Case Literature July 30, 2011 EM 4008 : School Strategic Management GREGORIO CYRUS R. ELEJORDE FLORDELIZA C. NAVIDAD Professor Masterand Case Study l. Information Title of organization : Betlehem Day Care Center Foundation Incorporation (BDCCFI) Description: The Day Care Center is an outreach project of the Cebu Archdiocesan Prison apostolate (CAPA) For 14 years now. Location : White Road , Inayawan, cebu City Management Staff: Founder: Fr. Giovanni (John) Iacono This center is currently being run by one head teacher, secretary, permanent casual volunteers, one coordinator and four teachers all under the guidance of one Catholic priest, Fr. Iacono. Organizational Chart Mission: The Bethlehem Day Care Center provides daycare service and other support service to the children of scavengers at the landfill site: 360 families residing in our houses, in Dumlog, Talisay. The average family is 4-6 persons (eventually we will have about 3,000 family members in our Village) 38 houses (built with the help of Habitat for Humanity) in Inayawan, Cebu Providing children with an educational foundation as toddlers encourages them and increases their chance in getting into elementary school. With education, these children develop into productive individuals, contributing the poverty alleviation and community building. No amount of money can ever be enough to help one child have a brighter future. No efforts are too many to help a child to go to school and improve his knowledge for the future. No pain is too big to bear if it gives a person dignity. No humiliation should stop anybody from helping the needy. Our facility currently accommodates children from families near the dumpsite area. These children, ages three to six, are sons and daughters of scavengers at the landfill site at Inayawan, Cebu City, Philippines. These children scavengers earn 50 to 100 pesos a day. As part of its program and service, we offer daycare sessions, scholarships to 10 students, a supplemental feeding program, uniforms, medical services and Basic Moral Christian values and Basic Ecclesial Communities formation among the parents of the Daycare Children. The center offers the above services free of charge. Objectives †¢ To assist less privilege families who are not able to provide their children with opportunities to develop a strong foundation of spirituality and values of the society where they live. †¢ To aid in the development of the child? s mental, communication and creative abilities, confidence, self expression and discipline adapted to their stage of growth and development. †¢ To enable the child to understand and relate positively to his/her parents and other adults in the family and his/her social environment. To provide the pre-school child with opportunities to improve and maintain health through supplemental feeding. †¢ To provide custodial care for the child during the absence of the parents/guardian when no better substitute arrangement is available at home. †¢ Crime prevention. †¢ Reduced mortality rate among children. Program and Services: The Bethlehem Day Care Center program includes: †¢ Physical caring, supplemental feeding. †¢ Motor skills development. †¢ Value inculcation, human relations. †¢ Language development, cognitive adoptive skills. †¢ Creative experience, mental stimulation. Spirituality. †¢ Personal and social skills. The day care service integrates these components needed in providing substitute parenting for the pre-school child. More than just watching over the child and keeping him/her protected from physical harm, substitute mothering includes mental stimulation and value inculcation. Group activities are also facilitated to encourage socialization among the children, as well as teach basic knowledge and skills of daily living. Supplemental feeding is included in the program to correct food deficiencies and ensure that the nutritional needs of the child are met. Uniforms, school accessories and medical care are also provided for the children who attend the day care services. The center offers Basic Moral Christian values and Basic Ecclesial Communities Formation among the parents of the Daycare Children. About 130 parents attend this activity twice a year. II. Organizational Problem A. Nature of the Problem 1. Why should Betlehem Day Care Center Foundation Inc. (BDCCFI) be established and operated in White Road, Inayawan, Cebu City ? Fr. John Iacono , an Australian priest, first visited the Philippines in the 1980s as a missionary priest. One of his many duties was to provide pastoral care for the prisoners in the city jails in Cebu City. He found that a large proportion of prisoners originated from a small region of Cebu known as Inayawan where there was a tip site known as Smokey Mountain (not to be confused with Smokey Mountain in Manila) where families scavenged for daily subsistence. He found that small children, some as young as 3 years old, were forced to work there on the tip site to earn a few pesos to help the family buy food . (photo of rubbish tip). Inayawan is a local word meaning unwanted, unloved, rejected ie a dumpsite. About this time, he met another Catholic Priest, Fr. Heinz Kuluke, an SVD, missionary priest from Germany , who also knew of Smokey Mountain at Inayawan. Initially the authorities denied that these places existed in Cebu but one evening Fr Heinz followed a rubbish truck which ended up at Inayawan. There he found about 200 families living in cardboard and tin sheds and living from scavenging on the tip. For a month he lived and worked side by side with the families to work out ways to help them. He was witness to some of the 20 annual child deaths caused by sickness, infections and malnutrition. In 1992, he set up a Day Care Centre for children which worked for about a month before attendance started to fall. He found that parents could not earn enough to feed their families if the children were not scavenging too. Following discussions between the two priests, it was agreed to give each child some rice to take home after school each afternoon to compensate for the food which they could not provide by scavenging. From that point on the project flourished. The Betlehem Day Care Center Foundation Inc. BDCCFI) was established in White Road, Inayawan, Cebu City, Philippines with its core purpose to continually provide for the center. B. Serious Problems 1. How the Betlehem Day Care Center Foundation Inc can sustain the maintenance in implementing and operating its program and services with free of charge to the most disadvantage children of scavengers in the community if the org anization are facing with serious problems and needs ? (see the datas ) Needs : 1. Physical Facility| *Land area, buildings and furnitures| 2. Technological Facility| *Computer, Electric fan, T. V. and etc. 3. Construction Materials| *Plywood, cement etc| 4. Volunteer Needs| *Medical personnel: doctors, nurses, health teaching professionals, dentists (withg dental chair), person adept at community building and teaching Basic Moral Christian Values| 5. Donation needs /Cash assistance| * P 45,000. 00/ month is needed for manpower at the Betlehem Day Care| 6. Other Expenses( incurred for the implementation of their program and services )| Supplemental feeding program to the daycare children Provision of medical services Assistance formation of Basic EcclesialCommunities Conduct of Basic Moral Christian Values both to the children and their parents Total monthly expenses are approximately P100,000. 00 Financing of more housing – costing 90,000 -100,000 pesos per house. | IV. Key Elements for solutions to the Problems Before : The day care center was first opened in 1993 in a rented room at Laray, Inayawan. In 1995, the day care moved to another location on White Road. Sitting on 350 square meters, the facility was composed of a main â€Å"nipa† (palm leaves) –roofed building which housed two classrooms, and an annex teacher’s quarters and dirty kitchen. The facility, however, was cramped for the school’s attendees and the parents took turns helping our in the school’s maintenance. The area was also easily flooded when it rained, since it was located beside a creek. A. BCA is made up of everyday Australians who are committed to making a difference to the world. Through BCA , members have been touched by the grace and humbleness of many disadvantaged people whom they have met. They feel privileged to be involved; it has resulted in their own lives being enriched as well as making a difference to others. The Board of Directors includes the following:   FR JOHN IACONO PatronFr John Iacono has lived and worked in the Philippines since 1982 (except for a few years in Australia ). Among his many early missionary tasks, was to offer pastoral care to prisoners. This work led him to the local rubbish tips where he became committed to helping the many marginalized families who lived there. His dream to open a Day Care Centre for the children of these families to break the poverty cycle has come true twice! The first centre opened in 1992 and the second more permanent one in January 2004; [see History]. Over 1500 children have attended the Centres and all have gone onto attend Primary and High School. He is the first link in our work in the Philippines . [ see FJ background ] RON NATOLI ChairmanRon has had extensive experience in the building trade for over 40 years. He saw the need to help after his first visit to Cebu , with his wife Maria, in August 2001 and has not stopped since! Commencing with fund raising for the Day Care Centre, he has been a stalwart supporter and visionary to Bethlehem and all its related projects. ROS BRADLEY SecretaryRos has always had a keen interest in overseas development programs. Using her experience from working at The Fred Hollows Foundation, she has been an unswerving supporter of Bethlehem from its early days and is enjoying progressing the formation of BCA. LANCE BROOKSLance started Communities for Communities (C4C) 3 years ago. C4C is about building, experiencing and celebrating community within our own communities as well as reaching out and helping other communities. His wide variety of local fun(d) raising activities as well as helping to build 9 schools on the Burmese/Thai border express these exact sentiments. C4C is now supporting the S. Pio Village. VICKI KASSOUF Vicki is unstoppable! Forever the pilgrim, Vicki travels widely for her studies and research, but always adds a positive contribution to meetings and assists enthusiastically with fundraising events. JOE EL-KHOURY Joe is an experienced and widely acclaimed teacher at St Aloysius College. He has visited the Philippines twice, both times as a pilgrim as opposed to a tourist; as a result he is tota| Welcome to  Bethlehem Communities Australia (BCA)! Thank you for taking the time to visit our site. Bethlehem Communities Australia is an exciting organisation  striving to help disadvantaged communities have a better way of life. We believe that poverty can be removed. And like Nelson Mandela, we believe that ‘overcoming poverty is not a gesture of charity†¦. it is an act of justice. We work with Indigenous partners in small disadvantaged communities, by means of many different initiatives, resulting in communities that are run for the people, by the people. Bethlehem Communities Australias Mission is to contribute to the  relief of poverty in disadvantaged and marginalised communitiesin the Philippines and other developing countries, and to facilitate their transformation and development by providing: | early childhood development initiatives,| affordable and appropriate housing,| | programs that establish sustainable incomes. | | initiatives that form and strengthen Christian-based values within families and communities| B. Enter Ron and Maria Natoli with both their building expertise and boundless energy After their first life changing visit in August 2001, they (and their family) set about he lping Fr. John to raise funds to build a new day Care Centre. Along with many Australian supporters over $400,000 was raised. First the land was bought, followed by the building of a sturdier and more permanent concrete structure which was able to cater for all of the children of Inayawan, (approximately 160 children). Fr Johns dream had come true! The new Bethlehem Day Care Centre opened in January 2004 with much fanfare. It was here that the Australian group first met the celebrated University of the Visayas Choir who have become part of BCA life. C. With the help of Australian benefactors, CAPA started construction of a 1,084-square meter building just few meters away from the previous day care center. The center is now completed and operational and presently serving 160 children. D. BDC provides the land (3. 5 hectares were previously donated). Our families live there rent-free with 15 years to pay for the cost of the house. After the house is paid for, the family can buy the land. E, Cash Donations or assistance through credit cards, cheque, money order or cash from Betlehem Communities Australia (BCA) members and supporters worldwide. These cash donations from the BCA members and supporters have a greater part on the success of the Betlehem Day care Center program and services. (see the attached donation form and contact no. ) C4C visit to cebu a huge success! Lance Brooks, CEO of Communities for Communities (C4C) recently returned from a very successful trip to Cebu . Lance and 22 others left Sydney on 7 th October, for 8 days; the group was keen to see the reality of their fundraising efforts and to work side by side with Habitat for Humanity and the home partners of San Pio Village (SPV) in building their homes. Their ‘hands on visit and working with the people have truly enriched their lives, plus during their visit they assisted in building 9 home The Bethlehem Day Care Foundation Inc (BDCCFI) was established in the Philippines with its core purpose to continually provide for the Centre. Bethlehem means House of Bread and this is their focus: to provide spiritual and material food for the future of the most disadvantaged children. The Gospel Motto is, I assure you , as often as you did it to the least of my brothers, you did it to me. Matthew 25: 46) V. Positive outcomes from the Building of the Day Care Centre include: | Over 1500 children have attended the Centre since the first one opened in 1992. | | All have gone onto attend Primary and High School| | the number of jail inmates originating from Smokey Mountain has decreased| | child mortality in the area has reduced dramatically (for the past two years no children have died)| | parents participate in the running of the Day Care Centre and as a result have learnt about hygiene, moral and Christian values. | Bethlehem Day Care Centre is an approved NGO. It is now Incorporated Foundation. Its website is www. bdcc. cjb. net| | The organization Cebu Archdiocesan Prison Apostolate (CAPA) was set up. Its mission is to assist prisoners and their welfare. With the full backing of Cardinal Vidal, CAPA is integrated into Cebu Caritas and is a non profit registered NGO. Its outreach program is the Inayawan dumpsite where it focuses on education as the key to improvement. Over 200 (new) families still scavenge there. CAPA is one of BCAs partners in the S. Pio Program| The community seems to have gained valuable benefits with the completion and continued maintenance of the Bethlehem Day Care Center. While their parents work all day at the dumpsite, children are left under protective custody of trained teachers, keeping them away from the hazards of the dumpsite, providing them with healthy and valuable education. Statistics at the Pardo Police Station also show that the rate of crime has decreased by 95% since the center was established. Keeping the children out of the streets seems to be a factor in the crime prevention. Since 2001, many Australians have visited Cebu as part of the Bethlehem awareness program witnessing the inherent problems of poverty. Their visits always include Inawayan and the Day Care Centre. The heightened interest and commitment has resulted in the more formal development of Bethlehem Communities Australia (BCA) which became Incorporated in June 2005.

Nationals infrastructure accident Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nationals infrastructure accident - Essay Example This paper aims at highlighting the various actions that are necessary for the U.S. government to consider in order to mitigate occurrence of similar events in future. For those who watched the media news about the New Orleans landfall made by the Hurricane Katrina in the year 2005, highly remember how water flooded over the numerous levees, which were built to prevent an occurrence of such accidents as well as protecting the city. Several factors contributed to the failure of New Orleans levees ranging from poor engineering designs to the storm’s sheer ferocity (Reilly, 2009). All these factors were into consideration during the reconstruction of the levee after the wake of the Hurricane Katrina. The other low-lying cities in America learned a lot from the failure of New Orleans levees and considered such factors when making evaluation on their preparedness prevent occurrence of such storms. New Orleans is an American city that is located in a unique site, because it is completely below the sea level. Residents of this city cope with the surroundings of large water bodies such as Lake Pontchartrain, Mississippi River, and Mexico Gulf with array of levees designed to prevent flooding water from entering the city (United States, 2006). When conditions caused the breakage of the constructed levees during the Hurricane Katrina in the year 2005, the effect was highly harming and flooding water pooled out covering the entire city. With the initial 24 hours after the storm started, 28 levees had already failed. The total number of failed or broken levees increased to over 55 within the first week. The U.S. USACE (United States Army Corps of Engineers), the core constructor of the levees issued out a public explanation on why the levees failed after several days. According USACE’s account, the design of the levees was only to protect the city from Category Three storms, and the Hurricane

Evidence, argumants and evaluation on whether mergres and acquisitions Essay

Evidence, argumants and evaluation on whether mergres and acquisitions incraese shareholders wealth - Essay Example The following sections of the paper discuss the effects of Mergers and acquisitions on the shareholders’ wealth. Mergers and acquisition have led to the increase of shareholders market presence in certain industries according to Brigham and Houston (2009). This has also led to effective sales and marketing associations by the merging companies. As a result, this leads to increased wealth of the shareholders. Mergers and acquisitions often lead to greater market presence of the companies involved (Fleuriet 2008). Higher market shares that result from mergers and acquisitions often lead to increased purchasing ability and control over suppliers as suggested by Bruner (2004). When an organization buys a product in higher volumes than previously, the purchase cost becomes lower making the company become more price competitive. This has the potential of attracting greater sales and, therefore, higher value to shareholders. Mergers ad acquisitions may lead to improvements in company operations especially in the case of manufacturing companies as suggested by DePamphilis (2011). Therefore by increasing facilities through mergers and acquisitions, the company raises its capacity to manufacture more products or higher quality products. The company as well has its credibility increased which positively increases the shareholders wealth (Maddiganand and Zaima 1985). Mergers and acquisition often lead to symbiotic relationships between the two companies. As a result, the two companies tend to support one another, which in return helps the shareholders realize greater value from their investments. Mergers and acquisitions combine the operations of the two companies leading to higher sales capable of supporting their concurrent higher budgets hence raising the wealth of the shareholders (Cartwright and Schoenberg 2006). In some cases, mergers and acquisitions may not add value to shareholders’ wealth. This happens for example when management of one

Thread #4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Thread #4 - Essay Example e that Subway is the undisputed leader in fast and healthy food because they offer easy to prepare sandwiches which are â€Å"made to order-right in front of the customer - using freshly baked breads, select sauces and a variety of delicious toppings† (Doctors Associates, Inc., 2011). And the third reason which is very important is the continuous support network that it offers its franchisees. Subway’s support system includes training, product development, advertising, purchasing cooperative and field support (Doctors Associates, Inc., 2011). The total investment in starting a Subway franchise is somewhere between $84,300 to $258,300. This amount includes the franchise fee, on-going royalty fee, start-up cost, equipment, payroll and inventory (Entrepreneur Media, Inc., 2011). This means that a franchisee must also consider looking into the possible financing options open to him to fund the total investment to be made. Aside from these costs, a business experience is needed to own a subway franchise. The manpower needed to run the franchise will be around six to ten employees. There should also be a total commitment from the franchisee because Subway does not allow absentee ownership and the terms of agreement is for 20