Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 38

Essay Example According to him, natural laws are governed by the fact that man needs to fight for his survival. It is natural for man to seek peace in his life but if he gets into conflict with others due to competition, diffidence and glory, then he has the right to defend himself in order to restore his peace. With competition, he fights for gain, with diffidence, he fights for safety and with glory, he fights for his own reputation. Thus, although he seeks peace and knows he deserves it without hurting anybody, if he is threatened of such peace, then he can wage war in order to get his peace back. Hobbes also contends that a person’s rights, when renounced or transferred to others, are entered into social contracts, such as when people entrust their rights to a ruler. This means that all persons must mutually agree to transfer their right to a political sovereign or in Hobbes’ term, the state of Leviathan. It is also agreed that this state punishes violators of the agreement to ob ey the laws of society. The ruler’s power should come from the natural right of people to live in peace. Similarly, Locke believes that man is governed by natural law, but goes further in saying that it is the manifestation of human reason which restricts the egoism of pure self-interest such as having one’s individual peace and liberty, and promoting more sociable benefits. Locke proposes that man has three basic natural rights: to life, liberty and property. When people entrust a leader to these, it should not be absolute but only partial. Rulers are also vulnerable to the temptation of hoarding power. People are comfortable obeying the government as long as their individual rights are protected, thereby enhancing their freedom. Should they feel that it fails to do so, or that government violates their rights, they would feel the need to fight against it to regain their rights. Aristotle believes that the state should cater to the

Women and Learderhip Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women and Learderhip - Essay Example An example is the trait leadership theory. In this theory, it is believed that some people are born to lead. They inherit traits that deem them viable leaders. In the early days, men were the leaders and few women if any were given leadership roles. Thus, the inheritance theory insinuates that the leadership traits are passed down along gender lines. However, such traditional leadership theories have been modified by more current leadership theories. An example of such a theory is the behavioral leadership theory. In this scenario, leadership traits are acquired rather than inherited. The current theories are not gender biased and thus, anyone with the capability of acquiring the traits is regarded as a leader. The theories also give opportunities for people to rise to leadership responsibilities. Napoleon was a great leader and he led his army into many successful battles. The fact that he was participating in the war and fought along his men says that he led by example. This is considered as one of the most important traits in leadership. Leading by example creates confidence among the people working under you. Building confidence ensures that there is a good working environment and that the activity that people are undertaking is productive. Leading by example also allows a leader to evaluate the various situations that people encounter in the process of any activity. Thus, if any, immediate decisions need to be made, a leader can easily make a sound decision as he/she was involved in the proceedings. In this case, situational leadership is effective in cases where the leader was actively involved in the project. Leading by example allows for an environment where leaders can interact with their staff. Through this interaction, a leader gets to know areas where his/her team is weak and can rectify it so as to give a maximum output. Leaders interacting with their teams also create an environment where any team player can relay any

Discussion of the Play Behind the Beautiful Forevers

Discussion of the Play Behind the Beautiful Forevers The play Behind the Beautiful Forevers is based on the book of the same title written by Katherine Boo. It was adapted into a play by David Hare. It focuses on the lives of two matriarchal families living in a slum- Annawadi, which is just next to the Mumbai airport. The slum is surrounded by luxury hotels on all sides, while it is full of trash that has kept on pilling and accumulating over the years. These families in the play largely represent the majority of the families in Mumbai. Families that have been let down by the systems that were put in place to be of assistance to them, the hatred of the poor towards one another and the resilience with which this families withstand all these and stick together throughout the difficulties (Hare 2). The Husain’s story shows how difficult it is to do good in an imperfect world where all systems are corrupt and the individuals are evil. One then wonders how the people at the bottom of the heap of trash can be honest in a world full o f bribes and corruption. The system should be where people run to when they have problems but that does not seem to be the case, the affluent are getting it all; the privileges given by the system because they are able to pay for the services offered, while the police don’t care about the poor people in the slums at all because most of them cannot afford to pay the bribe. Behind the Beautiful Forevers depicted Mumbai as a city of contrasts, where immense wealth and extreme poverty are rarely distant. It also shows how corruption in the public institutions and systems tends to undermine the community’s quality of life. The play reveals the obstacles to fairness and societal mobility in India. It also shows how young people in Annawadi remain hopeful through their personal philosophies especially in this time of global change. Abdul is the representation of a generation of young Indians struggling to elevate themselves out of poverty. The setting onstage truly depicted the lives of the characters, there was a motorcycle on stage and a tuk-tuk too which was a typical Indian medium of transport and it was even driven on stage. There was use of a strong noise of a plane landing, which brought out the closeness of the slum to the airport. The loud roar of the plane drowns the screams of Kalu as he’s being attacked and later murdered by two drug dealers, who thought that he had given the police information about them. This was a very dramatic scene with the noise at its loudest and the screams from Kalu together with the roaring of the plane set the tone of the play right from the start. As the play began, the shadow of a mighty passenger jet flew low over the Olivier stalls, the closeness of its very loud roar made the scalp tighten. Then, like a deluge of blessings, a cascade of used plastic bottles dropped from the skies. A pack of scavengers with their cardboard scoops went into a frenzied overdrive. This clearly depicts the huge gap between the affluent and the poor in Mumbai. The rich fly above the poor and leave them scrambling for their left over without a care of what is going on below them. David Hare while writing the play did not identify a single main character to pivot and plot the play around. This I believe was a calculated risk he decided to take as the play has various characters that we have to get a hold of and there are also many stories to tell, the play thus keeps rotating on each one of the character’s lives and the struggles they go through as individuals and also as a family unit, especially when the one legged Fatima due to her jealousy of the Husain’s relative prosperity, inflicts burn wound on herself and later accuses them of being responsible for her injuries. As with most stories that have a strong sense of place the play opened up to universal understanding. The play created tension between the perception of the situation and the energy of the place; this is because the sense of darkness was not because of the awful things that were happening to Husain’s family through the play or the poverty in Annawadi. The Husain family actually at this difficult time, depicted resilience in the face of the problems that later followed, after the one legged woman blamed their family for her injuries. Their integrity came under scrutiny the family fortune was wiped out by the grasping â€Å"justice† system as they struggle to clear their name and we see a corrupt system where one has to pay a lot of money to see their own charge sheet. We have a glimpse of the corrupt nature of the legal system and the essential injustices of a society in which the poor repeatedly blame equally poor individuals for their misfortunes. The Husain family however shows an extraordinary story of hope, despair and the unity in and strong ties in the family unit. The writer David Hare portrays the compromises the individuals in the play have to make in order to survive and have and get to the top of the heap with flashes of compassion and understanding, so that the audience actually relates to the cast. For instance: Asha having to sleep around in order for her daughter to get an education. The Husains having to pay the officer at the station just to see their charge sheet and due to the bribes they keep giving they lose all they worked so hard to build. They are back at the bottom where they started. The darkness is because of the one thing that both the poor have learned, though in different ways and contexts but nevertheless the same thing, that the road to happiness and success involves mistreating and trampling over other people. It is this dark thought that pollutes the mind and pollinates the minor and small sins done by individuals and leads them to escalate and the tragedy multiplies. The adults have been depicted as having learned the wrong lesson; this left the children as the sensible untainted individuals in Annawadi. The young people in the play representing the youth in India, were shown as being the future of the country. The future where there will be no corruption as they could not stand for it or condone it. As is today the young people do not believe in corruption, they stand against the vice and even hold demonstrations in the streets to protests against it. The young people can now hold the public institutions accountable for any misappropriation or abuse of office. Public offices still subtly favor a certain section of members in the society, because of their contribution to one or two of the organization’s projects, it however is not as rampant and if one is found out they could definitely be prosecuted. Thus the young people in the play represent the views of the young people in the world right now. This character in the young people was however often regarded to as an act of revolt throughout the play we saw, Abdul round up on an officer who was asking for money in order to abort his father’s trial, Manju who has hopes of being the first woman in Annawadi to gain a degree also rejects the means through which her mother employs to pay for her education. Meena, Sunil and Kehkashan are also not left behind as they are also shown as being perceptive with an unbending, understanding of something they couldn’t get themselves to voice. Abdul brings together an energy that was out of control in the slum area and gets rid of the darkness engulfing them. This might well have been the start of something or nothing really but at least it was the moment the play was more than a vicious cycle that one was unable to escape from. In as much as David Hare has done his best to get the most important themes from the book and release the play as the book is, there are a few things that we still miss from the book. For instance the play does not show Asha’s involvement in the local politics which was always the driving force behind her ambitiousness; to get to the money and power that runs the Annawadi. The play however managed to bring the described image of the Mumbai slum close to the audience and he did this in a major way through the set up on stage and by focusing on the continuous and endless toil of the characters and the recreation of grim physical context in detail. From the play we also gained the sense of getting to see a living community and the young people in resistance of the corruption that was being accepted by the adults. Behind the Beautiful Forevers was an exciting production as the adaptation managed to preserve the humanity and intimacy of the book. References Hare, D. (2014). Behind the Beautiful Forevers. Faber Faber, Limited.

Short Story Essay examples -- essays research papers

There was a girl named Kandy, she was 15 years old. Her life was extremely boring, all she ever did was go to school, go on her computer, eat and sleep. She spent all summer on her computer. She was really good with HTML and spent her free time making web sites. Kandy didn't have many friends and rarely talked to guys because she was shy and unconfident about her looks. That's why she went into chat rooms. She made a web site with pictures of herself on it and told people in chat rooms to go there. A lot of people would tell her how pretty she was and some would say she was ugly. That made her feel awful. When anyone would say anything nice to her, she wouldn't believe them and think that they were just making fun of her. She only had one real friend that she could talk to, her name was Ang.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  School was starting next week and Kandy has to go shopping for new clothes. That was the only thing she enjoyed more than being on her computer. She absolutely loved clothes. Kandy was very girlie and always wore high heels, nail polish, jewelry, make up and plenty of lip gloss. After deciding that she wanted to be different, she bought shoes that weren't high heels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first day of school started and Kandy was in 10th grade. Her new clothes got her a lot of attention, everyone complimented her about how they loved what she was wearing. That was the only thing she was confident about, her clothes. She knew that her style was awesome. Her best friend, Ang, was in two of her classes. Kandy thought that this would be the best year of school because she never had any friends in any of her classes before. Turns out they both had the same lunch. They would talk up by the road, on the sidewalk, to Speedway everyday for lunch. For some reason people would always honk at them and one day a girl yelled out the window and called them sluts. Obviously because she was jealous. The first few days of school went by fast, then kept getting slower and slower.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After a few days, Kandy saw this really hot guy named Jesse. But of course she was to shy to talk to him. She thought that if she told him how she felt about him that he wouldn't like her and think that she was ugly. So she didn't say anything. Kandy and Ang both had a friend named Gary. Kandy told Gary about how she liked Jesse but she didn't realize that he was friends with Jesse. Gary told Jesse that Kandy li... ...d he was buying her a present. Pulling out a wrapped box, Gary handed it to Kandy. She quickly opened it to find a beautiful necklace. She put it on and hugged him. They had enough of shopping, and went to see a movie. Kandy suggested a horror movie, so she had an excuse to get close to Gary. Too bad they didn't get to see most of the movie, because they were making out. That was the best five dollars she ever spent. Holding hands, Gary walked Kandy and Ang to their car. She said good bye and drove off.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Kandy got home, she went on her computer to her chat room, messaged her online friends and told them how she wasn't going to be on there any more. They asked why and she explained to them how she has a boyfriend now and she doesn't need them. They were heartbroken, but she didn't care, she only cared about Gary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next day, Gary called her and said that he feels uncomfortable being around her and scared to even say hi. He asked her if it was all right if they would just be friends. She said sure, hung up on him, and started to cry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After a few days she forgot all about him, and continued with her chatting, and found a new guy to become obsessed with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Deadly Unna Review

â€Å"Deadly Unna† was the fist book published by the Australian Author â€Å"Phillip Gwynne† in 1998. The book focuses on racial tension, friendship, family conflict and relationships. The story is told in first person by the main character â€Å"Gary Black† more commonly know as â€Å"Blacky†. The story is mostly Blacky’s relationship with Dumby Red, an indigenous Australian, and about how he, as a white Australian, changes throughout the book, by understanding the racial conflict and learning how to stand up for himself. Blacky is more academic than he is sporty; though he plays football for the town.He has a very large family consisting of 8 siblings, and he gets along with all of them, putting aside the occasional conflict. He has a good relationship with his mother; however, he has a terrible relationship with his father due to a past event. Dumby Red has a very enthusiastic, optimistic and self-confident personality. â€Å"Pickles† is Blacky’s best friend, and he disgustingly unhygienic, with gruesome habits. Blacky often goes to talk with his old next-door neighbour †Darcy†, who a maggot farmer and is full of advice to give Blacky.The story is set on a peninsula of Australia, all the whites living in the â€Å"Port† and all of the blacks living in the †Point† about 1hour drive from eachother. I believe the reason the Author made the distinct seperation between the white and black Australians is to emphasise the racial tension in the area. The book consists of two parts, â€Å"Winter† and â€Å"Summer†. Winter being the footy is mainly focused around the footy culture of the town and focuses on Blacky trying to be the hero in his team, and eventually succeeds although by accident.They win the grand final, and by the end of the winter, Blacky becomes very aware of the large racial tension in the book. The â€Å"Summer† part of the book is mainly filled wit h racial, and family conflict, and during the course of this Dumby is shot dead. Blacky is faced with many decisions he has to make, and he has to follow his heart to do what is right. This book moved too slowly for me, and containing much excess writing that wasn’t at all necessary nor did it relate to the main plot at all.The book never established the friendship between Blacky and Dumby red. After he died, Philip wrote about how they were such good friends, but there was nothing in earlier in the book to support that, so that confuses the readers a lot. Another factor is that it does not relate to many people in the world. It would only relate to people who come from a very Australian culture that knew all of the colloquial Australian language. I do not believe anyone that’s come from another country would understand the book at all.I don’t even think some Australians would understand it, as they might have been blocked off from it. Additionally, I think it l oses variety by the style of writing and that isn’t at all a good thing. The worst thing about the book I believe is the way it can’t relate to an adult, or a teenager. It moves way too slowly for a teenager, and doesn’t have nearly enough happening to entertain most readers. However, it also had too many immature themes and thoughts for an adult to read, so it doesn’t really relate to any general age group.What I did like about this book is that it can educate young Australian teenagers about racism to a certain extent. Some people have no knowledge of racism, and I believe that with guidance, this book could educate them about some of the racism in Australia. Overall I rate the book 2 stars, as I do not believe it could do it’s job as a book to entertain the target audience, or at that any audience. Although I do believe that with the right insight, you could learn some things from it.

Career Comes Before Marriage

CAREER COMES BEFORE MARRIAGE Everyone must have own chosen a career as they grow up. There are many types of career that can be found in the society. For example, doctor, lawyer, engineer, teacher, police and so on. A lot of people claim that career should come before marriage. Is it right to put career first before marriage? Some people may say yes, some people may say no. From my view, I think career should come before marriage. There are some reasons why I feel that career should come before marriage. Firstly, I think everyone must have his own career before marriage.Before marriage, we would not have too many family problems as we do not have too many family members before we build our own small family. Therefore, we can concentrate in our career. As we focus on our career, it will become easier to achieve success in our career. For instant, a person who is not yet married or does not yet have any children can put more effort into his career. As he concentrates in his career, he may be able to perform as best as he can. Hence, I truly think career should come before marriage.Other than that, we will have a stable income when we have our own career even if we are successful or not. A stable income enables us to take care of ourselves or our family. As an example, we need money to buy daily requirement, food, clothes, books and many. When we have our own career, we must have income. Maybe this income will only be enough for our spending. When we achieve success in our own career, we must have earn more and have a stable income. Indirectly, we will have the ability to take care of our family.Then, that is a suitable time for marriage. Therefore, that is why many people claim that career might to come before marriage. On the other hand, we should also look into the effects of marriage on career. After marriage, we cannot put in all of our effort into career alone. We must take care of our family too. Incidently, we cannot concentrate in our career and do as wel l as we hope to. For those who do not yet have children, this may not be a problem. But when we have children after marriage, we have to spend more time on our children and family.Hence, there are many women who do not go to work after having children as they have to take care of their children. Therefore, career is adversely affected by the marriage and children. Other than that, we often face many problems when we stent up our own family, such as rebelliansand disobediant children, sibling rivalry among the kid and so on. This family problems will affect our emotion and mind. Hence, we cannot concentrate in our career and will also make mistakes when we work. For an instant, our children are so naughty and do not listen to us, we will feel angry and scold them.When we go to work, we will still be in the state of anger then we may make mistakes as we are still thinking of our children. Therefore, our career will be affected by that. In a nutshell, we will face many problems after m arriage that will make us unable to concentrate in our career and do well in career. Therefore, many people think career must come before marriage. Maybe some person will disagree as they are not affected by the marriage. They can arrange the career and family very well. But, in my view, I think it is better to have successful career before marriage.

Essay Chinese Language and Class

Essay Chinese Language and Class Essay Chinese Language and Class Chin 101 Fundamentals of Chinese Fall 2013 Class Time: Sec. 3 TuTh 10:00 am – 11:50 am Class Room: PH2 - 101; Call Number: 5253 Instructor: Xiaowen Wu Office: LA5-269 Office Phone: 562-985-4515 Instructor’s email: xiaowen.wu@csulb.edu Office hours: TuTh 12:15 pm –1:45 pm or by appointment Course Description: Chin 101 is the first semester of a full-year course of elementary Chinese designed for non-native speakers. Students with prior knowledge of Chinese are not eligible for taking this course. It provides basic training in pronunciation, grammatical structures, commonly used expressions, character recognition and writing. It aims at developing students’ elementary level of communicative skills in listening, speaking, reading and writing, and knowledge of the Chinese language and culture as well. Course Objectives: By the end of the Chin 101, Chin 102 sequence, the students are expected to acquire: 1. The knowledge of the Chinese phonological system and grammar, 2. The ability to converse, read and write on simple topics related to students’ daily life, 3. The ability to command 250-300 words and approximately 150 characters, 4. The ability to type Chinese texts using a Chinese word-processor, 5. And to reach the language proficiency level of Novice Midbased on the ACTFL’s (the American Council on Teaching Foreign Languages) guidelines. Course Outline: (1) The class time will be used for lectures and activities. (2) â€Å"Survival Chinese† will be taught in the first several weeks of the class. (3) Afterwards, students will learn useful expressions and grammatical structures. Approximately 14 lessons will be covered in the first semester. (4) The teaching schedule and content may be changed based on students’ progress. (5) Students are expected to preview each lesson (including grammar points and vocabulary) before class, complete the assigned homework and study the covered contents after class. (6) Characters will not be practiced in class. Students are encouraged to take advantage of the Workbook, the computer aided multi-media learning software CyberChinese and Learning Chinese Online web page (see below). Requirements: Students are expected to (1) attend the class (all officially unexplained absences will be treated as â€Å"unexcused†); (2) review the grammar and memorize the vocabulary of each lesson before class; (3) finish the assigned preparation, language lab work, and homework on time; (4) take tests, mid-term and final and (5) participate in the class activities. Textbooks: (1) Practical Chinese Reader: Book 1 (Traditional character edition). Beijing Language Institute. Boston: Cheng & Tsui Company, 1990. (2) Practical Chinese Reader I & II: Writing Workbook (Traditional character edition) edited by Teng, Shou-hsin. Boston: Cheng & Tsui Company, 1990. (3) Chin 101 Study Guide and Homework (including character practice sheets and homework sheets), available online (csulb.edu/~txie/101/) or through the course Beachboard. Students should print the handouts and bring them to class. Recommended Learning Tools: Dictionary Concise English-Chinese/Chinese-English Dictionary. The Commercial Press & Oxford University Press, 1986. Software Pinyin Master, by Professor Sanpao Li and Jeff Winters, available in LAB 306 (Language Art Building) Cyber Chinese, by Professor Sanpao Li and Jeff Winters, available in LAB 306 Penless Chinese software, installed in LAB 306. It can also be downloaded from penlesschinese.org/download.html Web site Chinese 101 class page (http:/www.csulb.edu/~txie/101) Learning Chinese online

According to Freud, sexual desire is the drive behind everything. Death in Venice by Thomas Mann and The Moon and Sixpence by W. Somerset Maugham are no exceptions; both stories are fueled with it.

According to Freud, sexual desire is the drive behind everything. Death in Venice by Thomas Mann and The Moon and Sixpence by W. Somerset Maugham are no exceptions; both stories are fueled with it. Depression in Sexual RepressionAccording to Freud, sexual desire is the drive behind everything. "Death in Venice" by Thomas Mann and The Moon and Sixpence by W. Somerset Maugham are no exceptions; both stories are fueled with it. Aschenbach and Strickland spend the majority of their lives repressed. Aschenbach's life is based on strict schedules and discipline. Strickland lives a life in a society he doesn't enjoy. When they go against society and dip into their desires, they both become consumed by them. Restrained passion can lead to discord, as is the case in both of these protagonists.From childhood, Aschenbach in "Death in Venice" bases every action and thought on self-discipline and reason. Aschenbach bases his artistic talent on perfectionism and self-discipline. The first page of the novella describes him at work: "He was overwrought by a morning of hard, nerve-taxing work, which had not ceased to exact his uttermost in the way of sustained concentration, conscientiousness, and tact" (Mann 3) In Aschenbach's mind, excessive passion would impede his pursuit of excellence.The Moon and SixpenceA sex life would interfere with his art, so he is without one. He attributes every part of his success to his discipline and lack of sexuality: "Yes, one might put it that his whole career had been one conscious and overweening ascent to honor, which left in the rear all the misgivings or self-derogation which might have hampered him" (Mann 12). Aschenbach throws his discipline as well as his pursuit of excellence out the window on his trip to Venice. The man who begins with faultless discipline and restraint joins a class of people that he was previously disgusted by.Strickland in The Moon and Sixpence has a beginning that mirrors that of Aschenbach. He leads a normal life with a wife that is respected by...

A Gift from a Son Who Died Essay Sample

cubic decimeter thought the Sun and the Moon would travel oui. I thought ioy itself would decease when Eric died. He had given so much to all ot us his household. his iriends And yet his decease is non the terminal oi ioy after all lt s sornehow another beginning. . lour’ Eric died at 22. aller a ahd-a-half -year battle with leukaemia. R While he left thallium with the deep contusions ol heartache. he left us sg much more So much to celebratel There’s a triumph here that I m still lrying io understand Why do l. even in loss. leel stronger? Why does life on lhis untldy. unsafe planet seem more wonderfullY Precious? I am witting now ol the vaiue of each good minute. the importance oi blowing nil. These lhings are Eric’s gildings to me. They weren’t easy bought or qui6kly accepted. And noi all came iied with ribbonst manY were delivered with blows ln add-on to leLrkemla. Eric was enduring from adolescence. And there were iimes when this status took more oui of us than his other one A seventeen-year-old male child who may non populate to go a adult male is all of a sudden in a great haste. Like a hawkish new state he wants instant lndependence and no comprornises A { ier the ilrst few hebdomads Eric qulckly took charge oi his unwellness cubic decimeter was no longer to speak io the physicians ln Nraga’ ne Copvrighl vitamin E ) lact-the message came through clearly-l was no longer to speak at all unless lcould avoid sounding like a disquieted female parent. Possibly it would hold been dilferent iJ we’d had a opportunity cubic decimeter ( J preparo tor whal was coming. but it was a bolt of lightning from a cloudless sky. We live in a little ConnocticLlt town. merely a block from the beach. This had been a summer Iike many others. The forepart hall was. as usual. full ol sand and kicked-of T gym shoes. cryptic towels thal didn’l belong lo us. an assorlment ol swimming Lins. and association football balls. By September. l. like many female parents. was hall-lo’rgilg for school to slarl and hal’dreading it. Our twenty-year-old girl had married. and now Eric was packed and ready to travel otf ior his first-year twelvemonth at the Universily of Connecticut. But len-year-old Lisa and ‘ourleen-year-old Mark would still oe al place. lkept telljng myself how lucky Id oe to hold less laundry and fewer cooky crumbs to postulate with. But I didn’t precisely believe it. One afternoon Eric and lboth wanted the auto at the same minute. †1ve got to run al the path. N4om. † He was have oning his association football shoris and running places. â€Å"lve merely got two more yearss before school starls. and Im non in form † I knew how much he wanted to do the lreshman association football squad when he got to college. but I had work to. make. â€Å"l have to travel to the pressman. † lsaid. â€Å"But l’ll bead you ofl at the field and choice y ou up subsequently. † â€Å"Okay. He scowled a spot at the via media. As we drove olf together. I noticed something on his leg-an ugly ruddy sore. large and unit of ammunition as a Ag dollar’ There was another larther down. And another on his other leg. â€Å"Eric. What have you got on Your legs? † â€Å"Dunno. Liille infection possibly. † †lt doesn’t look small to me. cubic decimeter protested. â€Å"lmpeiigo is what it looks like. We’d better travel R ; ght over to the doctor’s ‘like mad. lf that’s what it ls. they aren t even traveling to allow you into the cabinet room. We ve got two yearss before You qo. Let’s acquire the physician to unclutter it up office. ’ – â€Å"Moml† He was ferocious. †Eric. ‘ I said- â€Å"lmpetigo spreads †All right. † he said dully. The sores did non look like impetigo to our physician. He told his secreiary to name ll^e hospilal a ’ld â€Å"-range to hold E. Intelligence Communities admilted following forenoon for trials. Be at that place at eight. Eric. † he said†What trials? † lturned to the physician. Eric had had a complele physical requ’red lor all freshers. merely 12 yearss before. Blood tesls. excessively. He’d passed wilh winging colourss. †I want them lo rebroadcast some of the blood trials. ‘ said the physician. I’ve besides ordered a bone marrow-† I blanked out the words â€Å"bone marrow† as if I’d neer heard them Alter all. llhought as we drove home’ he d jlst had that perfect physical. ‘ Yet the nexl afternoon when the phone rang and the physician was saying’ â€Å"l’d like to speak to you and your hubby togelher-† I knew at one time. â€Å"You don Ts have to state me. † I said. â€Å"l know. Eric has leukamla. † I was one time in a house struck bY lightning. The sensati on’ the scene’ even the unusual electrical odor relurned at that minute A powerful bolt seemed to enie. the top ol my skull as I got the message. . Eric had leukemiaHe’d ever been a all right athlete’ a competilor. a smuggler. Now fate had lripped him ; he stumbled and fell’ Yet how rapidly he tried to acquire up and fall in the race againl Leli at horno that lall. really ill. with his friends scatlering to schools and iobs. he still was determined to travel to college subsequently. analyze difficult. nlake the association football ieam. finally make all Arnerican. To these ends he shortly added suppress symptoms and produce periods of remittal. They did non cognize how to bring around it. There was hope. though’ in the fact that Eric had a type ol childhood leukaemia that was particularly antiphonal to drug thorapy. { BY now. a lew youngsiers arb really belng cuaed of it. ) But Eric. Al 17. was beyond the age of most efiective intervention Soon we discovered that his body overreacted to many of the best drugs and that the recommended high dosage’ needed to destruct morbid cells. tended excessively rapidly to pass over out heallhy ones’ There were times during those first months when I saw him agitate. tighting for control. After all. it hadn t been tqo. long since he was a little male child who could throw himself in my a. MS for comlort Part of him must hold been shouting. †Please salvage me! Don’t allow me diel† fifty couldn’t save him. but lcould show him my ain best courago cubic decimeter learned to conceal my conceln. my tenderness’ and lsaw he was strengthened by my composure He had to run free to be a mafl lwanted that. lf there were io be no other option. eventua ly I would assist him decease like a We learned to be insouciant with danger. to populate with decease I! st around ihe corner. Whenever Eric was discharged irom the infirmary after lransiusions ( first they would give him two. ihˆn five. lhen seven ) . he would lly toss off the stairss one more-to stay alive We both knew ihat lremendous ordeals lay in front Leukemia malignant neoplastic disease of the blood. had always been a fleet slayer When Eric develoPed lhe dlsease in 1968. physicians had merely found ways to decelerate it down by utilizing powerlul drugs lo A Time lor couraqe merely singing a dut { el bag’ as Illinois he were himback lrom a great weekend l’d manus the keys to lhe auto. slide over. and Ho would pick up his life as if nil had happened. Bqt there were ever drugs’ ever turns of sickness. I remember one time slarting uP the stepss to convey him a cup oJ weak tea He passed me on the manner down have oning his swim short pantss and transporting a speal gun get lgnor: ng l’le lea. he said Vaybe cubic decimeter ll played pick-up you a fish lor supper† He soccer. weekend foolball’ and hoops with a haemoglobin so low it left him short of breath. on occasion falnt On ihe hoops tribunal. his teammates. galloping lor a end at the other terminal of the gym. would shout†Ã¢â‚¬ËœJusl remain there’ Eric-we’11 be right back. † ll was ever more than a game he played. His life was on the line’ †Exercise. Attitlld6. Desire were the chalked words on his chalkboard These threo words would convey him through †You don t dice of leuk you know. ’ he qoes said one time lo me Somelhi. g else traveling to Your bosom. Or your child ; eys lm l’m be ready ior it when it comes for ‘ne traveling to win. But he was rioi coniused about ihe nature of hls enemy-at least nol by the clip he d exhausted some hebdomads on the 8th lloor of [ 4emorial Hospitals Ewing Pavilllon in New York Ewing Pallenls speak a batch about remittals. oi class. Remission -that seductive wordl Hope. with the end_tohope implied. Eric’s remittals encouraged us Once he gol an elevenmonth stay of executing with the dr! g at him Methotrexate. I remember beach Thai summer as he ran the ‘ooklng with triends. AII of them tan. radiance. happy’ allwith the same powqrful shoulders’ the same strong. brown legs What could at that place be in the bonds of one that differed from the others? The following twenty-four hours Memo’ial phoned- Eric’s most recent trials had showa that his remittal was at an terminal Even as lwatched him. wild cells had been jumping up in his marrow like dragon’s ieeth. More and so more AIM/ays more than could be slain’ ‘ Eric endured and survived many crises- He learned to populate on the border of the shelf and non look down Whenever he had to be in the hospital’ Memorial’s doclors qave him passes to get away tho horror. Once he wenl out beckoning good-by to less fortunate inmales on the’floor. merely to return an hr subsequently beckoning from the ambulance stretcher. There was no livjng withoul R ; sks and so he tool them. { Th: s is one of his particular giits to me. Darel Take life. dangers and all. ) The disease gained on him. To forestall infitction Ho was fjnally put jn a windowless. stray chamber. the laminal air-flow room. Sterile air. sleriJe everything. sterjle masks. caps. gowns. baseball mitts for anyone come ining his room. He joked. played io the eager audjence peering through his gtass-windowed door. And so sudden terrible bleedings. Six yearss of unconsciousness. soarjng febrilities. His white count was perilously low. Plalelet count zerol Hemoglobin barely deserving adverting. Certain I thougrrt. Thursday. s rs the terminal. 8ut friends came. literally by bLsloads to gtve blood for t. ansfusrors During that crisisr it took more than 32 blood givers a twenty-four hours merely to maintain him alive. lwatched the physicians and nurses proding for veins_ taping both needled weaponries lo boards. packing the bleedings. agitating him to bestir him irom daze. and llhoughl: EnoughlLet him dje in peacel Why brlng him back lor more? He’s proved himsetl-and beyond. He s had two qood old ages of college. He made the association football squad and even made the dean’s list. No morel Let him gol But I had atom to larn about my son’s strength and lesources. There was still much good tife to be lived at the border of the dark topographic point. Erio came back. He had to stay in the laminal air-flow room. off and on. for about fou. . months. Yet within hebdomads hˆ was running from 12 to fifteen stat mis a twenty-four hours. That spring. he didn cubic decimeter acquire back lo coltege. but in hjs absence they named him captain of the association football leam ; he received lhe award for The l4ost lmproved ptayer. and fina Y was ljsted among the All-New England All-Stars. Proud awards. jusuy won. And rl. ere were others. We have a bookcase full of plaques and decorations. BJt I I’easure even more the rhings they don’t give decorations for: his irreverent wit ; the warmlh and love and consideration he qave his lrjends. especjally his companions in the War on the Eighth Floor. For these last he was a jaunty hero. subsister ol heroic poem batfles. yet he was ever one of them ; hopefully. the Golden Warrior who would take them all to victory-or at least flight. He and a fetlow lnmate about managed it one time. Hiding themselves in laundry carts under djrty linen. they rode down nine floors on the service lift and out to the pavement. Just short of oe’rg joaded wilh tl^e taurdry on a t. uc. they decided to give thenselves up and travel back to cram maarow’ endovenous bottles. and the remainder of it. There was after all. no existent manner oulAs a varlation on the subject of flight. Eric invenled Ralph the Camel. a melancholic dromedary who’ although hospitalized { or â€Å"humpomeia†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ someway managed to last all the witless ireatments his dociors could invent. lncluding day-to-day injections of pineapple juice. Ealph starred in a series of belowground amusing books known as The AdlentLrres ol Eiting 8. which featured Memori al’s top physicians. nurses’ technicians. and other notables’ all drawn by Eric in unmerciful imitation As Dr Bayard Clarkson put it. Eric spared no 1. but we could haadly wait for the following Advenhue- ‘ When they asked for more. his monetary value was simple: â€Å"Get me in remittal. two looked convincing. The dociors broke up. The ward cheered! For the moment’ wit had decease on the tally. The 8th lloor was a bad Topographic point to do friends. As one crusty old patienl put ii. Makg mutton quad and you’ll lose’em † Bul lor Eric. there was no manner to remain uninvolved. ln the beginning he looked for the secrets of endurance in the most spiriled people around him. â€Å"That Eileen is so great. ’ he told me ‘She’s crush this thing tor five yearsl† Or. â€Å"Look at that old glry. Mr. Miller’ They merely took out his lien. but he’s hanging in therel† . Then. as the months oi his interventions lengthened into old ages. he began to see them travel. The good. the brave. the beautilul. the weak. the whining. thˆ passive- They were all traveling the same manner. . Eileen. Mr. l4iller’ and so many more. when he was at place during one of his last remissions’ he chalked uP new words on his chalkboard. ‘We are all in the same boat in a stormy sea and we owe each olher a lerrible loyally ( G. K Cheslerton ) Eric would non abandon or fauli his companlons He would play his bosom out while the qame might 6till be won’ but he was get downing to ihink ol the unthinkable. The casualty lists on the eighlh floor were long. At the terminal. Eric eventually accepted his ain decease. This credence was his last’ most cherished gilding to me-what made my one ol his feats becarne a fable.

Answer the questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Answer the questions - Assignment Example The U.S. commercial airports obtain their revenue largely through selling their tickets to their customers. It includes offering air transport both within and without USA. Profits are generated when their revenues exceed their costs. Commercial aircraft operators are solely licensed to offer certificates that allow an airport to charge their customers for their flight services. They obtain their revenues from fees charged for these certificates. If costs are lower than fees, they then make profits. The Transportation Security Administration is an agency that has got authority over security issues of the travelling public while Federal Aviation Administration is an authority in the US national aviation concerned with overseeing and regulating all aspects of the American civil aviation. 7. The major U.S. commercial aircraft operators must adopt a specific TSA security program that requires the aircraft operator to designate certain security positions within their company. What is the name of the security program and what specific security positions does it require the aircraft operator to have? ( 3 points) The name of the program is the Twelve-Five Standard Security Program (TFSSP) that established security requirements and measures for aircraft operators. Security Coordinator together with TFSSP provides security of property and passengers travelling on flights. This is with the aid of the Twelve-Five aircraft operator. 8. The primary U.S. airport operators must adopt a TSA security program that requires the airport operator to designate a security position within their airport organization. What is the name of the security program and what specific security position does it require the airport operator to have? Its name is Secure Flight Program. It requires an operator to have a passenger’s details (full name, date of birth, redress number, gender and known traveller number). Redress is for those customers who feel that they have been mishandled;

The Women in the Gospel of Luke Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Women in the Gospel of Luke - Essay Example The Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles are actually two halves of one work written by one author, separated in the New Testament for purpose of orderliness. The first half, the Gospel of Luke deals with the story of Jesus up to the resurrection, most probably based on the eye-witness accounts of Mark. The second half, the Act of the Apostles, provides a historical account of church history up to the time of the apostle Paul's journey to Jerusalem. 2 There are many themes to be found in the gospel of Luke. Among them is what is termed "The Gospel of Women" in which Luke shows the importance of women in the story of Jesus which is peculiar to this gospel. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the attitude of Jesus attributed in the Gospel of Luke towards women and whether this was a reflection of the change in attitude towards women as a result of the teachings of Jesus. Women during the time of Jesus lived extremely restricted lives, in accordance with Jewish law and custom. They were little better than slaves, having little or no freedom and were completely subject to the authority of their men folk, first their fathers and later on their husbands. They were prohibited from talking to strangers or to go out in public unless they were double-veiled. They were not allowed to learn Hebrew scripture nor where they allowed to testify in court trials. Their husbands could divorce them at will but this option was not allowed them. 3 In the Gospel of Luke, Jesus was portrayed as the savior of all men, not only Jews, as he illustrates in the parable of the Good Samaritan. He shows Jesus as openly accepting of gentiles, whom orthodox Jews considered unclean, praising even a Roman centurion for unflinching faith. Luke further shows Jesus befriending the poor, tax collectors, outcasts and sinners.4 In other words, Luke portrayed Jesus as a man who treated all equally, giving special emphasis to marginalized groups, which in Israel at the time women were particularly marginalized in their community. In more ways than one, Jesus advocated the overthrowing of numerous Jewish traditions and customs, and Luke exemplifies more than the other gospels the radical (at the time) idea that women were equal to men in the eyes of Jesus. The following section will discuss in detail the passages in the Gospel according to Luke which illustrates this attitude. Passages pertaining to women in the Gospel of Luke Hebrew laws forbid the teaching of women in worship, yet Luke (10:38-42) tells the tale of sisters Mary and Martha, whom welcomed Jesus into their house, and Mary sat at the feet of Jesus to hear his teachings. When Martha reprimanded Mary for neglecting her womanly duties, Jesus takes Mary's part and allows her to stay. 5 This is an unusual situation at that time, when Jesus not only allowed, but encouraged Mary to learn his teachings and thus become a disciple. Moreover, Mary's forthrightness in seeking to learn was not how Jewish women were taught to behave, knowing only enough of the Torah to find their place in the community. This explains Martha's distress at what Mary did, but Jesus rebuked her and praised Mary. However, Mary was not the only one to be

Rise of the electronic music scene in todays generation Research Paper

Rise of the electronic music scene in todays generation - Research Paper Example From that time, music that became created with electronic instruments, instead of the electromechanical designs from which they were made. Major factors promoting the rise of Electronic Music Electronic music scene in its self has seen so much rise and advancements from the very first days of its origin when it was created. These changes are due to a number of factors, which can be given timelines right from the onset of the production of the first electronic instrument. For example in the seasons of the 1940s and the 1950s, the Electroacoustic tape music was introduced. This brought about the production of the very first practical audio tape recorder in Berlin (Brophy et al, 2009). It was the development of the audio tape recorder that gave way to the electroacoustic tape music. Then in the 1960s, there was further expansion of electronic music with the advent of computer music and live electronic. Indeed, this was going to be a major break through for the rise and advancement of el ectronic music as computers were engineered to play recognizable tunes by the use of complex amplification of sounds (Brophy, 2002). Today, the developments have reached sections whereby there have been the production of sequencers and drum machines, MIDI, chip tunes, circuit bending, digital synthesis, among others as part of the expansion of electronic music. To sum it all, electronic music has grown to a stage where it has become more accustomed with today’s generation. Electronic Music as Popular Culture Whether by accident or as a plan, the people of today have become more sophisticated with the genre of music they cherish to listen to. Indeed, the people of today’s... This "Rise of the electronic music scene in today’s generation" essay outlines the origin of this musical style and its impact on the modern society. Discussions on the rise of electronic music would almost be incomplete if the subject of globalization is not mentioned. This is because globalization has shot up the popularity of electronic music so much so that there is virtually no corner of this world that electronic music is not found. It is not surprising therefore that some analysts choose to say that electronic music has grown beyond the description of how a piece of music was produced into a genre of music. With globalization, which is led by the use of computers and its sophisticated partner, the internet, music produced in the smallest part of America can reach the smallest part of Asia or Australia in a matter of seconds. This way, what was originally supposed to be the line of music of the American people, has today become a global music genre because of globalizati on. One other trick that electronic music is doing so well and so fast is the fact that the production of electronic music has become a universal phenomenon. In other words, a person living in Africa would not only have the pleasure of listening to an electronic music from America but also have the honor of using sophisticated electronic devices in composing electronic music even when he wants to make a genre of music popular to his culture. There are several impacts of the rise of electronic music scene on today’s generation that can be pointed out.

Educational Web Portal's Use in the Study of Environmental Sciences Essay

Educational Web Portal's Use in the Study of Environmental Sciences - Essay Example While environmental science has gained a lot of attention of people in general and the educationalists in particular in the advanced economies, it remains a relatively neglected area of education in the third world countries primarily because there are several issues of much greater importance like poverty, hunger, violence, and terrorism that need to be solved before the people can pay attention towards the environment. Reduced emphasis of the government and the people in power on environmental sciences as an area of research and education restrains people’s access to the potential sources of information related to environmental sciences in the third world countries. In such circumstances, there is dire need of an online network that encapsulates all the required information about environmental sciences and one that is constantly upgraded and updated to make the latest findings and knowledge generated from the ongoing research and surveys in the advanced countries accessible to the interested learners in the third world countries. An educational web portal is a very effective tool to inculcate knowledge about the environmental science. People can connect with one another to form a learning community using the educational web portals. ... Educational web portals host research, lesson plans, and online course work, provides parents with a means to access the grades, monitor student outcomes, and satisfy the reporting standards established by the state. Educational web portals develop a common gateway to all the services and data that people need to share knowledge and jointly work on the environmental science projects. Educational web portals can be developed using such basic technologies as Windows Server and Microsoft Office SharePoint Server. Rapid availability of these technologies and expertise in their use extends the investment’s value in the Microsoft technologies. Educational web portals help the people achieve different kinds of goals and tasks that include but are not limited to the development of online communities for collaboration among the learners, administrators and the subject experts. â€Å"Portals, when properly designed, increase both effectiveness and efficiency of an institution†¦[an d] can be used as an effective communication tool† (Popovic et al., 2005, p. 322). People can use the educational web portals to improve the sharing of best practices in the industry among the members of the community. Users of the educational web portals can access the institution’s resources whenever required. The online document libraries available on the educational web portals are constantly updated with latest research findings and important documents like conference proceedings. When educational web portals are implemented in schools, it provides several kinds of services including lunch ordering, and online class registration. Educational web portals use dashboards to display updated performance data of the students. Students can share information with the community members, school

Computer versus Paper charting for nurses Essay

Computer versus Paper charting for nurses - Essay Example With so many responsibilities and so much information to assimilate, it becomes even more essential to take care of the documentation of information as this is the only method to reduce errors. Charting information regarding medication, observations, patients' history, etc. has been an age old practice and is the responsibility of nurses. The purpose of the medical chart is to serve as both a medical and legal record of patient clinical status, care, history, and caregiver involvement. The detailed information contained in the chart is intended to provide the patient's clinical condition by detailing diagnoses, treatments, tests and response to treatment, as well as any other factors that may affect the clinical state of the patient. Hence, it is beyond doubt that documentation is one of the most important activities that needs to be accurate. This essay compares computer and paper charting methods and also discusses in detail the history of charting technology; reveal medication errors in computerized and non-computerized charting, illegibility of orders and double charting, and accuracy. In the 21st century, nursing informatics has become a part of the professional activities. Informatics has advanced the field of nursing by bridging the gap from nursing as an art to nursing as a science. The term medical chart is a general description of a set of information on a patient. It is important that the information in the chart be clear and to the point, so that those utilizing the record can easily access accurate information. In some cases, the medical chart can also assist in clinical problem solving by tracking the past history of the patient. For instance, the baseline information or status on admission, orders and treatments provided in response to specific problems, and patient responses can be easily retrieved from the medical chart. Another reason for the standard of clear documentation is the possibility of the legal use of the record. For example, these records are frequently investigated for insurance clams and when medical care is being referred to or questioned by the legal system, the chart contents are frequently cited in court. In the earlier days, all the documentation was prepared on paper. But today, most of these are fed into the computers directly and is stored in it. The disadvantages with the paper charting are as follows: it is a tedious process to write and store the records and it takes away a lot of space. Since nurses work in shifts, different nurses handle each record as a result different handwritings appear in single report. A single nurse handles several patients as a result there are high chances of medication errors with serious consequences. These factors are even more of a problem for those nurses who are working in intensive care units (ICU). With the increase in stress due to shortage of nurses, the working staff will be handling more patients and many times it is possible that errors occur in medication. Nursing Informatics is a broad ranging field that combines nursing skills with computer expertise. Nursing informatics is the modern technology that

Rise of the electronic music scene in todays generation Research Paper

Rise of the electronic music scene in todays generation - Research Paper Example From that time, music that became created with electronic instruments, instead of the electromechanical designs from which they were made. Major factors promoting the rise of Electronic Music Electronic music scene in its self has seen so much rise and advancements from the very first days of its origin when it was created. These changes are due to a number of factors, which can be given timelines right from the onset of the production of the first electronic instrument. For example in the seasons of the 1940s and the 1950s, the Electroacoustic tape music was introduced. This brought about the production of the very first practical audio tape recorder in Berlin (Brophy et al, 2009). It was the development of the audio tape recorder that gave way to the electroacoustic tape music. Then in the 1960s, there was further expansion of electronic music with the advent of computer music and live electronic. Indeed, this was going to be a major break through for the rise and advancement of el ectronic music as computers were engineered to play recognizable tunes by the use of complex amplification of sounds (Brophy, 2002). Today, the developments have reached sections whereby there have been the production of sequencers and drum machines, MIDI, chip tunes, circuit bending, digital synthesis, among others as part of the expansion of electronic music. To sum it all, electronic music has grown to a stage where it has become more accustomed with today’s generation. Electronic Music as Popular Culture Whether by accident or as a plan, the people of today have become more sophisticated with the genre of music they cherish to listen to. Indeed, the people of today’s... This "Rise of the electronic music scene in today’s generation" essay outlines the origin of this musical style and its impact on the modern society. Discussions on the rise of electronic music would almost be incomplete if the subject of globalization is not mentioned. This is because globalization has shot up the popularity of electronic music so much so that there is virtually no corner of this world that electronic music is not found. It is not surprising therefore that some analysts choose to say that electronic music has grown beyond the description of how a piece of music was produced into a genre of music. With globalization, which is led by the use of computers and its sophisticated partner, the internet, music produced in the smallest part of America can reach the smallest part of Asia or Australia in a matter of seconds. This way, what was originally supposed to be the line of music of the American people, has today become a global music genre because of globalizati on. One other trick that electronic music is doing so well and so fast is the fact that the production of electronic music has become a universal phenomenon. In other words, a person living in Africa would not only have the pleasure of listening to an electronic music from America but also have the honor of using sophisticated electronic devices in composing electronic music even when he wants to make a genre of music popular to his culture. There are several impacts of the rise of electronic music scene on today’s generation that can be pointed out.

Computer versus Paper charting for nurses Essay

Computer versus Paper charting for nurses - Essay Example With so many responsibilities and so much information to assimilate, it becomes even more essential to take care of the documentation of information as this is the only method to reduce errors. Charting information regarding medication, observations, patients' history, etc. has been an age old practice and is the responsibility of nurses. The purpose of the medical chart is to serve as both a medical and legal record of patient clinical status, care, history, and caregiver involvement. The detailed information contained in the chart is intended to provide the patient's clinical condition by detailing diagnoses, treatments, tests and response to treatment, as well as any other factors that may affect the clinical state of the patient. Hence, it is beyond doubt that documentation is one of the most important activities that needs to be accurate. This essay compares computer and paper charting methods and also discusses in detail the history of charting technology; reveal medication errors in computerized and non-computerized charting, illegibility of orders and double charting, and accuracy. In the 21st century, nursing informatics has become a part of the professional activities. Informatics has advanced the field of nursing by bridging the gap from nursing as an art to nursing as a science. The term medical chart is a general description of a set of information on a patient. It is important that the information in the chart be clear and to the point, so that those utilizing the record can easily access accurate information. In some cases, the medical chart can also assist in clinical problem solving by tracking the past history of the patient. For instance, the baseline information or status on admission, orders and treatments provided in response to specific problems, and patient responses can be easily retrieved from the medical chart. Another reason for the standard of clear documentation is the possibility of the legal use of the record. For example, these records are frequently investigated for insurance clams and when medical care is being referred to or questioned by the legal system, the chart contents are frequently cited in court. In the earlier days, all the documentation was prepared on paper. But today, most of these are fed into the computers directly and is stored in it. The disadvantages with the paper charting are as follows: it is a tedious process to write and store the records and it takes away a lot of space. Since nurses work in shifts, different nurses handle each record as a result different handwritings appear in single report. A single nurse handles several patients as a result there are high chances of medication errors with serious consequences. These factors are even more of a problem for those nurses who are working in intensive care units (ICU). With the increase in stress due to shortage of nurses, the working staff will be handling more patients and many times it is possible that errors occur in medication. Nursing Informatics is a broad ranging field that combines nursing skills with computer expertise. Nursing informatics is the modern technology that

Imam Ali in my word Essay Example for Free

Imam Ali in my word Essay Imam Alis (p.b.o.h.) stories are so fascinating to read and to hear about. Knowing about Imam Ali (p.b.o.h.) life style and stories is so wonderful. Especially how Imam Ali (p.b.o.h.) saved Islam and won battles for example when Imam Ali (p.b.o.h) slept in prophet Mohammeds (p.b.o.h.) bed so that prophet Mohammed could take his last journey, Imam Ali slept in the prophets bed because the people that wanted to prevent and kill the prophet so to save Islam Imam Ali took . Also to understand how Islam was saved for and passed to us to be Muslims now. All the stories I enjoyed. But the one that I liked most is well is not actually a story but what will happen in the future to Imam Ali (p.b.o.h.). When Imam Mahdi (p.b.o.h.) comes back before Qiyamat and the Imam Ali (p.b.o.h.) comes and slowly the rest of the Imams (p.b.o.h.) come back, I found that so lovely knowing that one day the Imams will come back, and if I live I may see then return to the world and take over. I liked Imam Alis personality how Imam Ali cared for his family dearly by helping out at home and the way Imam played with his two sons: Hasan and Hussain. The way Imam Ali was fair and considerate to other people as in another story about The pomegranate how Fatima (p.b.o.h.) wanted a pomegranate and Imam Ali went to get one but when he got to the shop there was only one left that he could have, but along the way Imam Ali met a old man and gave half to the old man because he was thinking if Fatima but the man asked for the other half so kindly Imam gave, when he got home he was a bit shy to face Fatima as Fatima never asked for any thing but when he found out that send from heaven, Fatima was eating pomegranates.

Analysis of Medicine Availability

Analysis of Medicine Availability 4. Results 4.1 Availability of Medicine Chart 4.1 Comparative Availability of Medicine in both public and private sector along with high priced and low priced generics Chart 4.1 shows the comparative availability of the surveyed medicines in public sector facilities (mean availability in all PHCs over the period of seven months) and in private sector at the time of visit. Findings show that out of the thirty (30) medicines surveyed, three (3) medicines; diethyl carbamazine, ampicillin and human premixed insulin are neither available in public nor in private. Nine (9) medicines; ampicillin, diethyl carbamazine, Enalapril, furosemide, human premixed insulin, mannitol, methyldopa, phenobarbitone and sodium valproate were not available in public sector at any point of time. Availability of seven (7) medicines was found to be less than 50 percent; isosorbide dinitrate (40%), metaclopromide (40%), metronidazole (40%), dextrose NaCl (30%) and dexamethasone, glyceryl trinitrate and beclomethasone with 10, 10 and 1.4% respectively. Availability of twelve (12) medicines; Albendazole, amoxicillin, ascorbic acid, ibuprofen, paracetamol, ranitidine, cotrimoxazo le, atenolol (70%), gentamicin (70%), glibenclamide (70%), salbutamol (70%), vitamin B complex (80%) was more than 50% with first seven medicines available at all times (100%). In the private sector, the availability of medicines assumed either all or none except for the low priced versions of cotrimoxazole (70%) and glibenclamide (90%). Low price generics of 13 medicines; amoxicillin, ampicillin, beclomethasone, chlorpheniramine, dexamethasone dextrose NaCl, diethyl carbamazine, human premixed insulin, isosorbide dinitrate, mannitol, metaclopromide, methyldopa and phenobarbitone and both versions of 6 medicines; ampicillin, beclomethasone, chlorpheniramine, diethyl carbamazine, human premixed insulin and isosorbide dinitrate were not available in any facility. Chart 4.2 Comparative availability of medicines in public sector among all the PHCs survey for the period of seven months Chart 4.2 shows the mean availability of the surveyed medicines across all the PHCs over the period of seven months. Availability ranged from forty percent (40%) to fifty seven percent (56.67%) with the mean availability at forty eight percent (47.57%). Chart 4.3 Comparative availability of Medicines in Private Sector Chart 4.3 shows the mean availability of surveyed basket of medicines in private sector for both high price and low price versions. Availability of high price generics was found to be eighty percent (80%) and for low price it was fifty two percent (52%). 4.2 Price Differentials Chart 4.4 Price Comparison of median prices of individual drugs of both high price and low price generics Chart 4.4 cont.†¦.. Chart 4.4 shows the median prices of all the surveyed medicines in Indian rupee per unit dose of the medicine except for gentamicin, dextrose NaCl and mannitol (price of full pack is considered). Table 4.1 Ratios of median prices of high price and low price generics Table 4.1 gives the information on the ratios of median prices of high and low price versions of medicines available. Values ranged from 6.44 for atenolol to 1.02 for ranitidine. Higher the ratio, higher is the price difference between the generic versions available. Table 4.2 Median Price Ratios of high priced and low priced generics in comparison with International Reference Prices Table 4.2 shows the median, percentile, minimum, and maximum values of median price ratios in the private sector for both versions of generics. Maximum MPR for high price version was found for diclofenac (18.84) and minimum for dexamethasone (0.22). Maximum and minimum MPR in the low price version were for vitamin B complex (8.43) and glyceryl trinitrate (0.18). 4.3 Affordability Table 4.3 Affordability of treatment for certain conditions in terms of daily wages Table 4.3 shows the information on cost of treatment regimen for few conditions using the surveyed medicines. Average wage/ salary earnings (Rs. 0.00) per day received by casual labours of age 15-59 years engaged in works other than public works in urban areas of Andhra Pradesh (INR 178.34) were considered (NSS 68th round). Cost of the treatment ranged from 6 days’ wages for treating Echinococcus infection with high price generic of Albendazole to 0.24 days’ wages for treating urinary tract infection using co-trimoxazole. 4.4 Prescription Audits Chart 4.5 Comparison of drugs prescribed by branded name, generic name and from essential medicines list among all the PHCs surveyed Chart 4.5 shows the percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name and branded name and as per the essential medicines list. It was found in seven PHCs the 100 percent of drugs were prescribed as per essential medicines list and in the rest it was more than eighty five percent. It was found around seventy percent of drugs were prescribed by generic name with a maximum of ninety four percent and minimum of sixty seven percent. Table 4.4 Table 4.4 shows the maximum, minimum and mean values analyzed in the prescription audits. Maximum and minimum drugs per prescription were six and one respectively with a mean of 2.75. Maximum and minimum drugs prescribed by generic name per prescription were four and zero with a mean of 2.15. Maximum and minimum drugs prescribed by branded name per prescription were three and zero with a mean of 0.6. Maximum and minimum drugs prescribed as per EML per prescription were six and zero with a mean of 2.7.

Affirmative Action: Keeping minorities down for 30 years. Essay

The subject of affirmative action in college admissions has been hotly debated since its inception. Although affirmative action was originally supported by the vast majority, that same majority is now starting to wonder if there is a better way. Commonly asked questions include: â€Å"Is affirmative action still working?† and â€Å"Is there an alternative?† The answers to each of these questions will provide insurmountable evidence that affirmative action in college admissions no longer fulfills its intended purpose and that the only viable alternative is to focus more attention on primary schooling for the underprivileged. The most common question that arises in contemporary debates over affirmative action is, â€Å"Does affirmative action still work as intended?† The original purpose of affirmative action in college admissions was to eliminate racial bias in the applicant selection process and provide a helping hand to disadvantaged minority students. Has this happened? The simple answer is â€Å"No†, but a more precise answer requires more elaboration. Richard Rodriguez, the Mexican-American author of Hunger of Memory and a direct beneficiary of early affirmative action policies, puts it this way, â€Å"I think – as I thought in 1967 – that the black civil rights leaders were correct: Higher education was not, nor is it yet, accessible to many black Americans† (Rodriguez 144). In 1967, civil rights leaders of all types began to pressure universities and colleges all over the United States to admit more minority students and hire more minority teachers. They claimed that racial bias was the nefarious culprit responsible for the low numbers of non-white students and teachers at these institutions and that these low numbers were unrepresentative of the surrounding populations. Affirmative action policies were born in a drive to better represent minorities in institutional America. However, all has not gone according to plan. In an effort to avoid the label of Racist, colleges and universities sometimes give preferential treatment to minority applicants. This preferential treatment means that promising majority (white) applicants are often passed over for less promising minority applicants. The term Reverse Discrimination has been applied to this phenomena and th... ...needed now is to focus all of our efforts on improving primary schooling for the underprivileged. Referring to the above cartoon, why not give everyone the advantages of the majority instead of lowering the standards to fit the minority? Works Cited Billingsley, K.L. "Affirmative Action Is Racist." 1995. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. University Library. IUPUI, Indianapolis. 14 Nov. 2004. Cohen, Carl. "Affirmative Action in Admissions Harms College Students.† 1998. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. University Library. IUPUI, Indianapolis. 14 Nov. 2004. < http://galenet.galegroup.com.proxy.ulib.iupui.edu/servlet/ OVRC?vrsn=218&slb=SU&locID=iulib_iupui&srchtp=basic&c=15&ste=17&tbst=ts_basic&tab=1&txb=%2522Affirmative+Action%2522&docNum=X3010148224&fail=8192&bConts=16207> Detroit Free Press. 2001. 14 Nov. 2004. Messerli, Joe. â€Å"Should affirmative action policies, which give preferential treatment based on minority status, be eliminated?† 2003. BalancedPolitics.org. 14 Nov. 2004. < http://www.balancedpolitics.org/affirmative_action.htm> Rodriguez, Richard. Hunger of Memory. New York: Bantam Books, 1983.

Does Competition Bring Out The Best In Us? :: essays research papers

COMPETITION BRINGS OUT THE BEST IN US The score was 14-15. My team was losing the sectional championship game by just one point. Now we had to give our all to win, or we would be regretting the loss for years to come. In order to win, we had to get along with everyone on, and off, the volleyball court. We had to believe in ourselves, but most of all, we had to use all of the competitive skills that we had learned throughout our lives from parents, coaches, and our own experiences. Each second, the game became more and more intense. After playing our hearts out for two rotations, the score was now in our favor. We were winning 16-15. As soon as we were in control of the game, we competed at a collegiate level that no one would have thought was possible. Our skills were equal to the skills of a college player. The hitters could jump so high that their entire arm was swinging above the net. The blockers all had at least half of their arm making a wall over the net. The defensive players all dug up balls that looked like comets beaming onto the court. We were just twelve girls on a high school team, but the skill and talent we were showing to win against our rival could have been even better than a professional team. We ended up being the team that was celebrating victory in the locker room. We all had our chance to yell, cheer, and jump up and down after we shook our opponents hands. We finally had the opportunity to celebrate an amazing victory. We were even int erviewed by reporters and photographed by staff of the Hearld Argus, our city’s paper. Competition brought out the best in each one of us that night and that season. The skills we learned and showed on the court will never be forgotten. We learned to get along as a team, believe in ourselves, and to never give up on a goal. In order to succeed, people must compete. Competition can bring out the best in everyone. During a single day, people in some way compete with themselves or with others. They compete to win a sporting event, to get a raise or promotion in their workplace, to receive the best grades on tests or homework assignments, and to be the best at everything they do.

Ipv4 to Ipv6 Transition

I P v 4 TO IP v 6 TRANSITION – UPDATE 2011 An overview of the new Internet a ddressing protocol, its implications for b usiness and government, and Telstra’s a pproach to the transition. WHITE PAPER September 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PAGE 3 WHAT IS IPv6? PAGE 4 IPv4 ADDRESS RUN OUT PAGE 5 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN IPv4 ADDRESSES RUN OUT? PAGE 6 GOVERNMENT MANDATES PAGE 8 INDUSTRY READINESS FOR IPv6 PAGE 10 WHAT DOES THE TRANSITION MEAN FOR BUSINESS? PAGE 13 WHAT IS TELSTRA’S APPROACH TO THE TRANSITION? PAGE 14 WHAT SHOULD BUSINESSES DO NOW?PAGE 16 CONCLUSION PAGE 18 APPENDIX – IP ADDRESSING PAGE 19 REFERENCES PAGE 21 WHY TELSTRA? PAGE 22 FIGURES & TABLES FIGURE 1 IPv6 ECOSYSTEM PAGE 6 FIGURE 2 DUAL-STACK SUPPORTS BOTH PROTOCOLS IN PARALLEL WITHIN ONE NETWORK PAGE 7 FIGURE 3 EXAMPLE OF A DUAL-STACK ACCESS TO THE INTERNET PAGE 14 TABLE 1 IP ADDRESS HEADER FORMATS PAGE 19 TABLE 2 INDIVIDUAL ADDRESSES AND NOTATION PAGE 20 TABLE 3 UNIQUE LOCAL ADDRESS R ANGE PAGE 20 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY IPv4 is the dominant addressing protocol used on the Internet and most private networks today.With the current exponential growth in Internet users worldwide, combined with the limited address range of IPv4, the number of available public IPv4 addresses remaining is very limited. IPv6 is the next-generation Internet protocol that will replace IPv4, providing a vastly expanded address space. This white paper provides an update on the current industry status of IPv6, how the IPv4 to IPv6 transition will affect some organisations, and Telstra’s perspective on the transition. Internet Transition IPv4, the dominant addressing protocol, is rapidly running out of capacity and will be replaced by IPv6The protocol that governs communication on the Internet (and most intranets) today is called Internet Protocol version 4, or IPv4. The popularity of the Internet has caused a shortage of public IPv4 addresses and they are quickly running out, with the glo bal registry of IPv4 addresses from the IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) exhausted in February 2011 and the Asia-Pacific regional registry in April 2011I. Other Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) are expected to be exhausted between 2012 and 2014II. Once this happens, no more IPv4 addresses will be allocated to Internet service providers (ISPs).Individual ISP run-out will depend upon how well each ISP manages its address pools compared to the rate of each ISP’s subscriber growth. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is a popular issue and one which the industry will spend more time managing in the coming years. The transition is complex and will require IPv6 support by an end-to-end industry ecosystem. The ecosystem includes customer premise equipment, modems/home gateways, network systems, management (OSS/BSS, tools), content and applications. Telstra’s Approach Telstra’s approach is based on the dual-stack solution, allowing both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to co-existTelstra will ensure that customers can migrate to IPv6 at their own pace, with minimal impact to services Telstra has been planning for the IPv6 transition for a number of years. We have a defined transition strategy and a well-advanced IPv6 implementation program. Our strategy for IPv6 introduction is based on the dual-stack solution, allowing both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to co-exist until the transition to IPv6 is complete. This approach will make sure that the transition occurs with minimal impact to customers. Customers will not be forced to move to IPv6 overnight – they can deploy and migrate to IPv6 as they become ready.Telstra is already testing dual-stack technology on a number of key networks and products to seamlessly introduce IPv6. Similar to service providers, businesses face a challenge in undertaking the complex transition of their IPv4 internal ecosystems without impacting services. Just as Telstra has done, it is advised that every online or IT-ba sed business should prepare an IPv4 to IPv6 transition strategy. Telstra will provide timely information and updates on our own program of work to assist customers, suppliers and others in the industry to manage their transition. 3 WHAT IS IP v 6?IPv6 was designed during the mid-1990s, when the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) realised that IPv4 address size constraints would soon be a major impediment to the continued growth of the Internet. IPv6 was first known as the Next Generation Internet Protocol (IPng) during development within the IETF. Since 1998, it has officially been known as IPv6. In the transition to IPv6, both IPv6 and IPv4 will co-exist until IPv6 eventually replaces IPv4. The most obvious difference between IPv6 and IPv4 is the vastly expanded IP address space available The most obvious difference between IPv6 and IPv4 is the address size.IPv6 addresses comprise 128 bits, whereas IPv4 addresses comprise 32 bits. This difference results in a huge expansion in available IP address space: ? I Pv4: 2 32 a ddresses equals 4. 3 billion addresses (less than the global human p opulation of 4. 7 billion) ? I Pv6: 2 128 a ddresses. Because the last 64 bits are used to allocate a ddresses within a subnet, that leaves 2 64, which equals 18 billion billion s ubnet addresses. IPv6 is not backwardly compatible with IPv4 Whilst IPv6 performs the same address function as IPv4, IPv6 is not backwardly compatible with IPv4. Therefore, an IP data session must use either IPv4 or IPv6 end-to-end.IPv6 and IPv4 can be used together with translation mechanisms such as Application Layer Gateways when the applications are known and supported end-to end. 4 IP v 4 ADDRESS RUN OUT The global top-level registration body, IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), exhausted its supply of available IPv4 addresses in February 2011. APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Centre) is the Regional Internet Registry which allocates IP addresses in the Asia-Pacific region. U nfortunately for Australia, APNIC effectively ran out of addresses in April 2011. The Asia-Pacific is also the highest growth region for IP address llocation. Telstra and any other ISP in the Asia-Pacific region are now only eligible for a total allocation of 1024 further addresses from APNIC. There will be no further large allocations of IPv4 addresses for Asia-Pacific ISPs Because no further large allocations of IPv4 addresses are available, the ability of Asia-Pacific ISPs to allocate IPv4 addresses for new customers depends on the number of addresses they already hold, the rate at which they are using them for new services, and the ISP’s capability to adopt address translation technologies, which may reduce their rate of address demand.These factors will be different for each ISP, so it is likely that ISPs across the industry will run out of IPv4 addresses across a wide timeframe – some may run out within only a couple of years, others may be able to delay that exh austion well into the future. 5 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN IP v 4 ADDRESSES RUN OUT? Internal enterprise networks using private IPv4 addresses will not be affected IPv4 and IPv6 will co-exist on the Internet for many years Firstly, internal enterprise networks using private IPv4 addresses will not be impacted.Nor will the run-out impact existing IPv4 networks and IPv4 based services already allocated IPv4 addresses — they will continue to operate normally. Secondly, IPv4 and IPv6 will co-exist in the Internet for many years, quite likely for decades. Unlike Y2K, there is no cut-off date when IPv4 use will cease and the world will fully migrate to IPv6. The plan is for gradual transition: different regions and industry players will move to IPv6 at different rates. Consequently, end users will need the capability to access both IPv4 and IPv6 content and services on the Internet. This dual apability may be inherent in the end users’ equipment, or may be provided transparently by t heir or the content publishers’ ISPs. To enable this dual protocol access during the transition period, technology solutions were developed in conjunction with the development of the IPv6 protocol in the mid-1990s. Three categories of transition technologies exist: ? Tunnelling – encapsulates one protocol within another (e. g. IPv6 in IPv4, IPv4 in IPv6) ? Protocol Translation – translates packets between protocols (e. g. IPv6 to IPv4) ? Dual-stack – support both protocols in parallel within one network. Telstra’s dual-stack path nables both protocols to co-exist on our networks Telstra has chosen the dual-stack path, enabling both protocols on its networks. The use of dual stack will ensure our customers have the current functionality of IPv4 always available to them even while they start deploying IPv6 in their systems. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is a known issue which the industry will have to manage over the coming years. The transition w ill take time as it will require IPv6 support by an industry end-to-end eco-system including CPE, modems/home gateways, networks, systems (OSS/BSS, tools), content and applications.Figure 1: IPv6 Ecosystem Systems & tools Carrier/ ISP Client apps Consumer electronics Modems Operating systems Mobile handsets Public IPv6 Content/Apps Global Internet Network vendors Content/Apps Systems & tools Servers IPv6 is the accepted solution, however, moving the entire ecosystem to IPv6 will take many years Source: Telstra 6 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN IP v 4 ADDRESSES RUN OUT? Telstra continually monitors industry developments with regard to the other transition technologies and we may choose to apply other methods where appropriate. Co-existence of IPv4 and IPv6Dual-stack (IPv6/IPv4) remains the accepted industry direction for the introduction of IPv6. Tunnelling has sometimes been used by early IPv6 adopters where native IPv6 has not been available end-to-end. IPv4 to IPv6 protocol translation mechanis ms may also be applied in the future in certain circumstances. Figure 2: Dual-stack supports both protocols in parallel within one network Applications TCP/UDP IPv6 IPv4 Physical Layer Dual Stack Backbone Applications TCP/UDP IPv6 IPv4 Physical Layer 7 GOVERNMENT MANDATES Some Governments have set mandates to ensure a well-managed transition rom IPv4 to IPv6 before IPv4 addresses run out The importance of continued Internet growth has been recognised by many governments due to its critical role for areas such as e-commerce, healthcare services and public information dissemination. This has led some governments to set IPv6 technology mandates to ensure a well-managed transition from IPv4 to IPv6 prior to the run-out of IPv4 addresses. The smooth and ordered adoption of these technologies will ensure continued Internet connectivity for all of their citizens. Initially targeted at enterprises, institutions and government elated Internet services, IPv6 mandates are now being issued for consumer broadband services The technology mandates have been primarily targeted at enterprises, institutions and departments that provide governments with their Internet connectivity services. Only recently IPv6 mandates for consumer broadband services have been issued. North America In August 2005, the US OMB (Office of Management and Budgets) issued Memorandum M 05 22: Transition Planning for Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6). This sets the US Federal Agencies a hard deadline for compliance to IPv6 on their core IP networks.This mandate led many major US Service Providers (e. g. AT&T, Sprint, Verizon, QWest, NTT America) to develop government and enterprise solutions to allow agencies to buy IPv6 products and services to meet their core connectivity requirements. In practice, all of the agencies met the mandate because they were able to demonstrate that their backbone networks were capable of carrying IPv6 packets by the agreed deadline. However, there was no need to actually im plement IPv6-based services. A draft roadmap for IPv6 adoption by the US Government has recently been prepared. EuropeThe European Commission communicated an IPv6 action plan in May 2008. The target was to have 25% of European customers accessing the Internet using IPv6 by 2010, which challenges all players (ISPs, content providers, customer premise equipment vendors, governments and organisations) to work towards this target. Asia Many Asian countries, including China, Japan and Korea have been early adopters of IPv6 due to government mandates. For example: ? C hinese Government Strategy: C hina Next Generation Internet (CNGI) sets o ut a five year plan (2006-2010) for the adoption of IPv6 Korean Government Strategy: T he Korean Government has the strategic IPv6 Promotion Plan II, which sets a vision of deploying IPv6 for the public sector. 8 GOVERNMENT MANDATES Australia The AGIMO (Australian Government Information Management Office) has set the following timeframes for IPv6 adopt ion within the Australian Government and its departments: ? Preparation Jan 2008 – December 2009 ? Transition Jan 2010 – December 2011 ? Implementation Jan 2012 – December 2012. The Australian Department of Defence has also mandated a move to IPv6. 9INDUSTRY READINESS FOR IP v 6 Industry has been slow to adopt IPv6 since few commercial drivers exist Across the globe, the industry has been slow to adopt IPv6, since very few commercial drivers for migration have existed at present. By its very nature, the Internet involves a huge number of disparate groups and thus a coordinated approach is difficult to achieve. The lack of a commercial imperative is due to a ‘chicken and egg’ situation: why support IPv6 in the equipment if there are no IPv6 services, and why create an IPv6 service if nobody can use it?This situation is now changing with the occurrence of the global IPv4 exhaustion. Nevertheless, while many parts of the industry are now supporting IPv 6, others are lagging behind. The following is a brief analysis of the readiness of key industry sectors: Network Equipment Generally, network equipment vendors already provide IPv6 dual-stack support In the main, network equipment vendors already provide IPv6 support (dual-stack) for the core and edge of networks. Key vendors have been hardware and softwareready for several years, with equipment deployed in small-scale trials.Even though IPv6 capability has existed in most network routing equipment for some time, it has often not been enabled for use. Network control path functions like DNS, DHCP and RADIUS, however, are not yet uniformly supported for IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack across all vendors. These remain among the ‘work in progress’ issues for the industry. Internet Infrastructure Global IPv6 interconnectivity is now growing rapidly Global IPv6 Backbones As IPv4 and IPv6 do not interwork, it is essential there is global IPv6 interconnectivity similar to the IPv4 Inter net today. The global network of IPv6 interconnectivity is now growing rapidly.We expect there will be a substantial interconnected Australian IPv6 backbone between many, if not most, ISPs by the end of 2011. Domain Name Servers IPv6 devices will resolve Internet domain names into IP addresses using IPv6 entirely A critical step along the path to IPv6 was implemented on 4 February 2008, when ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) assigned IPv6 addresses and provided IPv6 connectivity to six of the Internet’s root domain name servers (DNS). Similar enhancements are being made to other top-level DNS (e. g. for . com and . org). The APNIC servers for the . u domain also have IPv6 connectivity. These enhancements to DNS will allow IPv6 devices to resolve Internet domain names into IP addresses entirely using IPv6. Service Providers To connect to the global IPv6 Internet, customers will need to use a service provider that supports IPv6 and provides the require d connectivity through to the global IPv6 backbones. 10 INDUSTRY READINESS FOR IP v 6 Enterprise Virtual Private Networks (VPN) Service providers in the US have begun offering dual-stack VPN services largely to support federal agencies in response to US Government mandates.Telstra’s dualstack IPv6 VPN product capabilities are in an advanced stage of development. Broadband There are still few consumer broadband IPv6 offerings from ISPs, but it is expected there will be an increasing number in the Australian market during 2011-12. Customer Environment In general, few modem gateways and other consumer on-premise equipment currently support IPv6 Consumer Modems and IP Devices In general, very few modem gateways and other CPE appliances in use by consumers currently support IPv6. The main exception includes some high-end PDA mobile phones running Windows Mobile, and some CPE made for specific markets such as Japan.In the vast majority of cases, these IPv4-only devices will not be economically upgradeable to support IPv6. This is because the device is not upgradeable in any way, or because additional resources (e. g. flash memory or RAM) are required to support IPv6. IPv6 capability from many consumer gateway vendors is only starting to be released during 2011. The long lifespan of broadband modem gateways means that many consumers will not have IPv6 connectivity capability for several years unless they opt to replace their modem with a dual-stack capable gateway. Mobile HandsetsDual-stack IPv4/IPV6 capability is expected to become available on selected new mobile handsets during 2011/12. Carriers will need to support IPv6 in their networks for handset use of IPv6 to be possible. Operating Systems Most, if not all, mainstream consumer and business operating systems available now have IPv6/IPv4 dual stack capability. However, legacy systems with either no or limited IPv6 capability (such as Windows XP) are expected to be in widespread use for several years yet . 11 INDUSTRY READINESS FOR IP v 6 Applications and Content ApplicationsMany applications will work when used with IPv6. Others will need to be checked and modified Applications have to be specifically written to take advantage of IPv4/IPv6 dual stack capabilities in the underlying operating system. In many cases, applications will work correctly when used over an IPv6 network. Others will need to be checked and modified to meet the dual-stack requirements and take advantage of IPv4/IPv6 dualstack capabilities built in to most recent underlying operating systems. Applications can be divided into the following major categories: ?S erver applications: Servers typically include web servers, database s ervers and mail servers, but can also include others such as those used for multiplayer online gaming. The applications running on these servers respond to requests from client applications which are carried across I P networks ? C lient applications: End users run client applications whi ch initiate requests to server applications across IP networks (the web browser being the most common example) ? Peer-to-peer applications: In this case the end user application acts as both a c lient and a server and can communicate directly with other users across I P networks.Most applications interface at the IP socket layer and won’t be affected whether the transport is IPv4 or IPv6. However, some applications may have been originally written in a way that ties them to IPv4, and these will have to be modified. Some examples include: ? Use of hard coded IPv4 addresses ? IP address data structures that only cater for IPv4 size addresses ? U ser interfaces that display an IP address, or allow an IP address to be e ntered only in IPv4 format. Many applications, including web browsers, already support dual-stack function. Others are subject to the planned timing of upgrades by the application developer.Ideally, applications should be agnostic to the use of IPv4 or IPv6. An ap plication that supports dual-stack will usually give preference to IPv6 if it is available, otherwise it will fall back to using IPv4. Content Providers Most major Internet content providers have yet to move to a dual-stack architecture Most major Internet content providers are yet to make the move to a dual-stack architecture. Some have established specific IPv6-only versions of their site to enable IPv6 access to users who have IPv6 connectivity, and who deliberately choose to use IPv6 (e. . ipv6. google. com and www. v6. facebook. com). Many Internet content providers are beginning to plan for a dual-stack architecture. This was exhibited when many content providers participated in World IPv6 Day (held on 8 June 2011) to trial IPv6 at a global level. 12 W HAT DOES THE TRANSITION MEAN FOR BUSINESS? Multinational enterprises and those that deal with government departments are most likely to be impacted by government mandates. This will drive the need to support IPv6 (e. g. Australi an Government departments implementing IPv6 in 2012).The IPv4 public address run-out will mostly affect businesses in their external connections Public IPv4 address shortages will have minimal impact on Enterprise VPNs due to the prevailing use of private IPv4 addressing. The IPv4 public address run-out will mostly affect businesses in their external connections to consumers and the broader Internet. Each business needs to consider whether to deliver IPv6 based services to consumers who prefer to use IPv6. Businesses must ensure an IPv6 communication path from the enterprise edge to where IPv6 supported applications are hostedConsumers will move to dual-stack CPE configured with an IPv6 address as well as an IPv4 address (either public or private) in order to access both IPv4 and IPv6 content. Businesses that host applications accessible via the Internet will need to cater for consumers with IPv4 or IPv6 public addresses. Since each protocol needs to work endto-end, for businesses t he transition does not end with deployment of dual-stack devices at the enterprise edge. It also requires enterprise network design changes to make the communication path IPv6-capable from the enterprise edge to where IPv6 supported applications are hosted.Businesses face a similar challenge to service providers, such as Telstra, in making the IP addressing transition. Transitioning to IPv6 requires the full ecosystem to move (i. e. network equipment, modems, consumer devices, operating systems, applications, content servers, IT systems, etc). Therefore, the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 will be a large and complex task that will require significant coordination across the full spectrum of players involved in end-to-end IP services. 13 WHAT IS TELSTRA’S APPROACH TO THE TRANSITION? Telstra has been planning for this transition for a number of years.We have a defined transition strategy and a well-advanced IPv6 implementation program. Telstra has prepared for the transition thro ugh a clear strategy and implementation program Our strategy for IPv6 introduction is based on the dual-stack approach, allowing both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to co-exist until the transition to IPv6 is complete. This approach will make sure that the transition occurs with minimal impact on customers – they are not forced to move to IPv6 overnight and can deploy and migrate to IPv6 as they become ready.Telstra is already testing a number of key networks and products to seamlessly introduce IPv6 across our services. Timing for implementation in each product will depend on business drivers and equipment availability (e. g. CPE). It covers services across Telstra Internet Direct (TID), Enterprise networks, Consumer Broadband, Mobiles and Telstra’s global networks. Figure 3: Example of a dual-stack access to the Internet Customer Service Provider LNS DNS Apps, Content & Systems Global Internet Content Providers IPv4 content/apps ADSL Modem Cable CMTS Modem ServiceProvider P oP Domestic Backbone Global Internet Backbones Dual-stack content/apps Wireless IPv6 content/ apps LNS Large installed base of IPv4-only CPE Dual-Stack Outside Service Provider Control Largely installed base of IPv4-only content/apps Outside Service Provider Control Dual-Stack enables a smooth transition, supporting both IPv6 and IPv4 Source: Telstra TID and IP-VPN Services The benefits of dual-stack technology for TID and IP-VPN customers are as follows: ? Continued service availability even as IPv4 addresses run out ? Smooth transition to IPv6 at own pace N ative IPv6 connectivity which provides better performance than IPv6 t unnels ? Essentially unlimited Internet addressing ? Leverages the Telstra Next IP ® network. 14 WHAT IS TELSTRA’S APPROACH TO THE TRANSITION? BigPond Broadband Most consumer broadband customers will be more interested in the content and applications they use, rather than which IP addressing protocol is being used. Nevertheless: ? For many, the trans ition to IPv6 will occur smoothly and transparently as e ach of the components of the end-to-end service moves to dual-stack ( e. g. odems, PCs, content) ? T he industry is expecting that Internet content and applications will be d ual-stack or IPv4-only for a long time to come ? I t is unlikely that any significant content on the Internet will be available t hrough IPv6-only for many years yet. Mobiles including Telstra Mobile Broadband ? I nitial availability of IPv6-capable mobile devices is not expected u ntil 2011/12 ? I n the future there may be developments in self-contained mobile solutions, w hich will also drive IPv6 use (e. g. Telemetry and machine-to-machine s olutions).Applications and Content Telstra applications and content will transition to be offered over IPv6 (to achieve end-to-end IPv6) as well as IPv4. Telstra’s Global Networks Telstra’s global networks operated by Telstra International Group adopted the same business approach as Telstra’s g uideline for the IPv4 to IPv6 transition. Key features include: ? D ual-stack approach to seamlessly support the co-existence of IPv4 and I Pv6 IP routing on global IP networks, including the MPLS-VPN platform and G lobal Internet / IP Transit platform N o hard cut-over for customers and continuing support for customer IPv4 a ddress-based IP routing on Telstra global networks in the coming years ? C ontinue IPv4 and IPv6 support for IP network’s auxiliary services such as D NS services on global Internet platform, looking glass on online port etc ? F rom FY 2011/12, Telstra International Group will start leasing IPv6 addresses to customers needing to connect to Telstra’s global IP networks, with limited I Pv4 Address also available ? Native IPv6 Address IP routing on core network is on the road map ?Telstra is committed to work with global network partners for native I Pv6 traffic peering and/or interconnection for both private and public I P networks. 15 WHAT SHOULD B USINESSES DO NOW? Businesses can begin to prepare for their own IP addressing transition through the following steps: 1. Conduct an IPv6 readiness assessment ? Network hardware ? Servers, PCs (e. g. operating systems) ? Network management and security ? Applications ? IT systems ? Organisational capability (IPv6 skills) ? Understand coexistence implications (performance, resources). 2. Prepare an IP addressing strategy Develop a high-level view of transition approach for the business. 3. Develop an end-to-end program view ? Network, IT, devices, applications, etc ? Processes to minimise impacts ? Communication of the IPv6 strategy within the business ? Maintain network security through the transition to IPv6 ? Work with vendors, system integrators and service providers to define d etail and align timings (e. g. link hardware upgrades to lifecycle p rocesses to minimise costs) ? Analyse transition costs and develop a transition budget. 4. Formulate an Implementation Plan ? Identify d ependencies and major milestones Use phased approach based on priorities and timings. 5. Progress Implementation ? Work in close coordination and consultation with network provider ? Telstra commits to providing timely information and updates on its program o f work to assist customers, suppliers and others in the industry to manage t heir transition. 16 WHAT SHOULD BUSINESSES DO NOW? Leverage our Experience and Best Practice Telstra can assist and support customers in their transition to IPv6 through our Professional Services and Consulting Services. The services we provide include: ? Consulting: Planning consultation, including business level investigation and analysis – Conduct a Communications Strategy plan update – Readiness assessments and check lists – Total ecosystem roadmap development (Not necessarily Telstra specific) – Vendor management and CPE – VoIP / other providers / web sites, etc ? Design and Architecture: – Network design – CPE programming remote or onsite (future) ? Project Management: – Transition planning – Seamless transition – Staged transition planning process, achieved via: – Workshops – Customised design – Implementation planning Telstra can provide overall project management to guide a customer t hrough the transition process. 17 CONCLUSION The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is a known issue which the industry will have to manage over the coming years. The transition will take time as it will require IPv6 to be supported by an end-to-end industry ecosystem including CPE, modems/home gateways, networks, systems (OSS/BSS, tools), content and applications. Telstra has been planning for this transition for a number of years. We have a defined transition strategy and a well-advanced IPv6 implementation program.Our strategy for IPv6 introduction is based on the dual-stack approach, allowing both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to co-exist until the transition to IPv6 is complete. This approach will make sure that the transition occurs with minimal impact on customers – customers are not forced to move to IPv6 overnight and can deploy and migrate to IPv6 as they become ready. Telstra is already testing a number of key networks and products to seamlessly introduce IPv6. Businesses face a similar challenge to service providers in undertaking a complex transition of their IP ecosystem without impacting services.It is advisable that businesses start preparing their IPv4 to IPv6 transition strategies. Telstra will provide timely information and updates on our program of work to assist customers, suppliers and others in the industry to manage their transition. 18 APPENDIX 1 – IP ADDRESSING IP Address Header Formats Table1 0 16 Ver HL TOS Total Length Identification TTL 32 Flag Protocol Fragmet Offset Header Checksum Source Address Destination Address Options Padding IPv4 Header 0 16 Ver 32 Traf. Class Flow Label Payload Length Nx t Hdr Hop Limit Source Address Destination AddressIPv6 Header Address Ranges Both IPv6 and IPv4 address ranges are often referred to in CIDR (Classless InterDomain Routing) notation, indicating how many of the bits in the range are used to identify the network prefix while the remaining bits identify subnets and hosts. For example, in 62. 0. 0. 0/8 or (62/8), the ‘/8’ indicates that the first 8 bits in the range are used for the common prefix and the remaining 24 bits are used for the host address within that network. 19 APPENDIX 1 – IP ADDRESSING Individual Addresses and Notation Table2 Address FamilyWritten as Example IPv4 Dotted Decimal Notation 144. 135. 19. 10 (four decimal ranges written to represent each byte of address space) IPv6 Hexadecimal notation (eight hexadecimal ranges written to represent two bytes, separated by colons) IPv6 (short-hand) Hexadecimal notation 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000: 8a2e:0370:7334 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334 (eight hexadecima l ranges with zeros removed) Private Addressing In IPv4, four specific address ranges were allocated for use in private networks (e. g. within an enterprise or home). The ranges are: ? 10. 0. 0. /8 — quite often used by large enterprise networks or internally by ISPs ? 172. 16. 0. 0/12 — often used to number enterprise or ISP backbone networks ? 192. 168. 0. 0/16 — often used in small office/home office (SOHO) applications ? 169. 254. 0. 0/24 — used for link-local applications. These private addresses have no meaning on the public Internet. If external connectivity is required by nodes addressed privately, Network Address Translation (NAT) is used to translate the first three of these address ranges into public addresses when accessing the broader Internet.IPv6 also has a range of addresses identified for local use known as the Unique Local Address range FC00::/7 (defined by RFC4193). In IPv4, when an interface is assigned a link-local address, we assume that the device is only connected to a local network. However, the practice of assigning multiple identifiers to interfaces is expected in IPv6 and therefore, all interfaces maintain a link-local address and additional IPv6 addresses. Table 3: Unique Local Address Range 0 78 FC00::/7 1 48 Global ID 64 Site Subnets Interface Identifier With regard to NAT, industry IPv6 addressing practices are still developing.Although there is a hope that significant use of IPv6 to IPv6 network address translation will be avoided, it is not yet clear as to whether enterprises will use public IPv6 space (derived from a registry), provider IPv6 space (granted from an ISP), or a local addressing scheme together with IPv6 NAT. 20 REFERENCES I The remaining allocations by the Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre are now rationed to a maximum of 1024 addresses per member under their latest policies – see â€Å"Policies for IPv4 address space management in the Asia Pacific region†, http:// www. apnic. et/policy/add-manage-policy. II â€Å"IPv4 Address Report† http://ipv4. potaroo. net has the latest exhaustion estimates of the other regional registries 1 Global IPv6 Strategies – From Business Analysis to Operational Planning by Patrick Grossetete, Ciprian Popoviclu, Fred Wettling, Cisco Press, June 2008 2 Deploying IPv6 Networks by Ciprian Popoviclu, Patrick Grossetete, Eric LeviAbegnoli, Cisco Press, February 2006 21 Why Telstra? Telstra provides network services and solutions to more than 200 of the world’s top 500 companies. They rely on us to do business across 240 countries nd territories and to enable greater productivity, efficiency and growth. Telstra solutions offer the best of all worlds – skilled people and a rich portfolio of services delivered on our world-class Telstra Next IP ® network and Next G ® network. To ensure reliable performance, they’re monitored and maintained from our dedicated centres using advanced ma nagement and operational systems. And they’re backed by Telstra Enterprise-grade Customer Service ® and one of Australia’s largest and most qualified field and technical workforce. IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS P LEASE CONTACT YOURT ELSTRA ACCOUNT EXECUTIVE V ISIT T ELSTRA. COM/ENTERPRISE/IPV6 C ALL 1 300 TELSTRA  © 2011 Telstra Corporation Limited. All rights reserved. This work is copyright. The Copyright Act 1968 permits fair dealing for study, research, news reporting, criticism or review. Selected passages, tables or diagrams may be reproduced for such purposes provided acknowledgement of the source is included. Permission for more extensive reproduction must be obtained from Telstra. â„ ¢ Trade mark of Telstra Corporation Limited.  ® Registered trademark of Telstra Corporation Limited ABN 33 051 775 556.